Non-contact heart rate and heart rate variability measurements: A review

Kranjec, Jure; Beguš, Samo; Geršak, Gregor; Drnovšek, J.

doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2014.03.004

Cited by 265 publications

(145 citation statements)

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“…Such remote measurements may be used by an adversary to obtain an identifier that is similar enough to an identifier generated by a trusted (on-body) device and, in that way, illegitimately authenticate to trusted devices. In particular, we consider rPPG as a likely candidate for launching a remote attack on an HBBS system as, according to a recent survey [16], rPPG -compared to other non-contact heartbeat-monitoring methods: (i) requires relatively cheap equipment (a regular RGB camera) (ii) is relatively unaffected by environmental noise; and (iii) can be used from a long distance. Moreover, the cameras used for deploying such an attack are ubiquitous in today's society and can be found in, among others, webcams, laptops and smartphones.…”

Section: Remote Attacks Using Rppgmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, they may also provide an adversary with a tool for compromising heartbeat-based security through generating an identifier which is similar enough to those generated by a trusted (on-body) device without requiring physical contact. One of the most prominent threats to heartbeat-based security is remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) [16], which measures subtle color variations of a human skin surface using a regular RGB camera [17]. These color variations occur due to changes in the blood volume of human tissue (caused by cardiac contractions), which modify the light absorbed (and reflected) by it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These color variations occur due to changes in the blood volume of human tissue (caused by cardiac contractions), which modify the light absorbed (and reflected) by it. Compared to other non-contact heartbeat-monitoring methods, we expect that rPPG is a particularly strong threat to heartbeat-based security as [16]: (i) it relies on relatively cheap equipment, (ii) it is relatively unaffected by environmental noise and (iii) it can be used from a long distance. Moreover, the (RGB) cameras used by rPPG are ubiquitous in today's society (e.g., webcams, laptops or smartphones), which may allow an adversary to launch a proxy attack: For example, an adversary may hack a person's laptop, gain access to its camera and, subsequently, launch an rPPG-based remote attack.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attacks on Heartbeat-Based Security Using Remote Photoplethysmography

Seepers

Wang

Haan

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform.

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Attacks on heartbeat-based security using remote photoplethysmographySeepers, R.M.; Wang, W.; de Haan, G.; Sourdis, I.; Strydis, C. • A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Abstract-The time interval between consecutive heartbeats (interpulse interval, IPI) has previously been suggested for securing mobile-health (mHealth) solutions. This time interval is known to contain a degree of randomness, permitting the generation of a time-and person-specific identifier. It is commonly assumed that only devices trusted by a person can make physical contact with him/her, and that this physical contact allows each device to generate a similar identifier based on its own cardiac recordings. Under these conditions, the identifiers generated by different trusted devices can facilitate secure authentication. Recently, a wide range of techniques have been proposed for measuring heartbeats remotely, a prominent example of which is remote photoplethysmography (rPPG). These techniques may pose a significant threat to heartbeat-based security, as an adversary may pretend being a trusted device by generating a similar identifier without physical contact, thus bypassing one of the core security conditions. In this paper, we assess the feasibility of such remote attacks using state-of-the-art rPPG methods. Our evaluation shows that rPPG has similar accuracy as contact PPG and, thus, forms a substantial threat to heartbeat-based-security systems that permit trusted devices to obtain their identifiers from contact PPG recordings. Conversely, rPPG ca...

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Section: Remote Attacks Using Rppgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attacks on Heartbeat-Based Security Using Remote Photoplethysmography

Seepers

Wang

Haan

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform.

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“…Exposing an individual to stimuli like listening to music and viewing audio-visual clips has been reported to alter the ANS activity [2][3][4]. It has been well reported in the literature that HRV can be used as a non-invasive indicator of the ANS activity [5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on autonomic nervous system and heart of females

Pande

Nayak

Gaur

et al. 2017

2017 25th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)

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Abstract-This study was an attempt to recognize the effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the heart physiology of females. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were acquired from eleven female volunteers under pre-and post-stimulus conditions. Heart rate variability (HRV) and time-domain ECG analyses were performed to non-invasively realize the effect of the humorous audio-visual stimulus on the ANS and heart physiology, respectively. HRV analysis suggested an increase in the parasympathetic activity during post-stimulus period. Timedomain analysis of ECG signals suggested a post-stimulus alteration in the electrical activity of the heart. Artificial neural network (ANN) classification resulted in an efficiency of ≥ 85% in both HRV and time-domain ECG analyses.

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“…We wondered if a similar effect could be obtained between a human and a machine. Moreover, we anticipated the rise of devices that could covertly measure physiological signals, such as the Kinect 2, which can use its cameras (color and infrared) to compute users' HRs -the use of video feeds to perform volumetric measurements of organs is dubbed as "photoplethysmography" (Kranjec et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart Rate Monitoring as an Easy Way to Increase Engagement in Human-Agent Interaction

Frey

2015

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems

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Abstract:Physiological sensors are gaining the attention of manufacturers and users. As denoted by devices such as smartwatches or the newly released Kinect 2 -which can covertly measure heartbeats -or by the popularity of smartphone apps that track heart rate during fitness activities. Soon, physiological monitoring could become widely accessible and transparent to users. We demonstrate how one could take advantage of this situation to increase users' engagement and enhance user experience in human-agent interaction. We created an experimental protocol involving embodied agents -"virtual avatars". Those agents were displayed alongside a beating heart. We compared a condition in which this feedback was simply duplicating the heart rates of users to another condition in which it was set to an average heart rate. Results suggest a superior social presence of agents when they display feedback similar to users' internal state. This physiological "similarity-attraction" effect may lead, with little effort, to a better acceptance of agents and robots by the general public.

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Non-contact heart rate and heart rate variability measurements: A review

Cited by 265 publications

References 50 publications

Attacks on Heartbeat-Based Security Using Remote Photoplethysmography

Attacks on Heartbeat-Based Security Using Remote Photoplethysmography

Effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on autonomic nervous system and heart of females

Heart Rate Monitoring as an Easy Way to Increase Engagement in Human-Agent Interaction

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