Non-contact Measurement of the Water Content in Crude Oil with All-Optical Detection

Abstract

Water content in crude oil is very important in an oilfield production logging system. A non-contact optical method, called all-optical detection, was proposed for measuring the water content in the full range of 0−100% in crude oil by a non-contact laser source and receiver (adaptive laser interferometer). The laser-induced ultrasonic P-wave velocities of three series of an oil−water mixture accelerated significantly from 1289, 1342, and 1343 m/s, respectively, to 1458 m/s with the increase of the water content from 0 to 100%. The theoretical values of the effective medium model were agreement with the experimental results of three series of an oil−water mixture.

Laser-Induced Voltage of Oil Shale during Retorting

“…As in any field, measurement methodologies improve over time. Photoelectric and piezo and pyroelectric effects have been discussed to explain the LIV phenomena in earlier works. , In recent years, there have been many researchers who have put forward new views and explanations in the field of LIV effects . Experimental results show that the LIV response of oil shale has a great relationship with its pyrolysis process.…”

Laser-Induced Voltage Application for Identification of Crude Oils

“…Recently, optical technology has been used for evaluation and classification of crude oil. A series of studies have addressed the flow of oil and water, ,,, measurement of water content in crude oil, characterization of the process of pyrolysis in oil shale, and evaluation of such resources as coal, fuel oil, and model oils. − ,− In this work, LIV improved the identification effect and provided a more direct and effective way to identify different oils. High oxygen content is the cause of the pronounced electrical charge in crude oil leading to large V p .…”

“…Optical technology plays an important role in probing crude oils. Laser-induced ultrasonic technique is here proposed to characterize the process of pyrolysis in the oil shale, and it is also used to measure the full-range water content up to 100%. , In addition, terahertz technology was used to characterize the water content and distribution in high-water-cut crude oil, , probe disaggregation of crude oil in a magnetic field, − and evaluate pattern transitions of oil-water two-phase flow. , …”

High Water Content Prediction of Oil–Water Emulsions Based on Terahertz Electromagnetically Induced Transparency-like Metamaterial

“…The theoretical values of the effective medium model agreed with the experimental results. 9 In addition, terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, as a new noncontact technique, has been proposed for predicting subtle changes of water in emulsions owing to the sensitivity of the THz wave to the fluctuations of water dipole moments occurring on the picosecond (ps) timescale. 10−14 THz time-domain spectroscopy has been used to measure the water content ranging from 50.05 to 100% in crude oil and to characterize the distribution of oil, air, and water simultaneously.…”