Non-convecting solar ponds

Tabor, H.

doi:10.1098/rsta.1980.0138

Cited by 55 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…After only two months, a temperature gradient with a maximum temperature difference between the surface and bottom brine of >70 • C was established [62]. Maximum temperatures of mboxtextgreater90 • C were documented from artificial ponds operated in Israel with MgCl 2 saturated brine at the bottom; experiments on a 1200 m 2 pond produced temperatures of 103 • C [60]. It is clear that solar heating can produce hot bottom brines capable of storing large amounts of solar energy.…”

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The UCZ is the topmost homogeneous layer of low-salinity brine or fresh water. Below the UCZ, the NCZ has higher salinity and temperature than the UCZ; the NCZ provides insulation for the LCZ, which is the bottom layer with greatest salt concentration, saturated with respect to halite or other evaporites [60]. Convective currents in the NCZ are suppressed by increasing the density gradient downwards when water is heated from the bottom by absorbed solar radiation.…”

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Convective currents in the NCZ are suppressed by increasing the density gradient downwards when water is heated from the bottom by absorbed solar radiation. If the concentration gradient is great enough, no convection occurs in this region and the energy absorbed in the bottom of the pond is stored in the LCZ [60]. This salinity-density structure may occur in waters with variable depths, but preferably <10 m because solar radiation is needed to penetrate the water column and heat the bottom.…”

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperatures of natural meromictic lakes inspired scientists and engineers to design artificial salinity gradient solar ponds to collect and store solar energy for desalination, electricity production, and heating of buildings [60,61]. El Paso Solar Pond, with a surface area of 3000 m 2 and depth of 3.25 m, is a representative artificial pond.…”

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Wang

Lowenstein

2017

Minerals

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Elevated surface paleobrine temperatures (average 85.6 • C) are reported here from Cretaceous marine halites in the Maha Sarakham Formation, Khorat Plateau, Thailand. Fluid inclusions in primary subaqueous "chevron" and "cumulate" halites associated with potash salts contain daughter crystals of sylvite (KCl) and carnallite (MgCl 2 ·KCl·6H 2 O). Petrographic textures demonstrate that these fluid inclusions were trapped from the warm brines in which the halite crystallized. Later cooling produced supersaturated conditions leading to the precipitation of sylvite and carnallite daughter crystals within fluid inclusions. Dissolution temperatures of daughter crystals in fluid inclusions from the same halite bed vary over a large range (57.9 • C to 117.2 • C), suggesting that halite grew at different temperatures within and at the bottom of the water column. Consistency of daughter crystal dissolution temperatures within fluid inclusion bands and the absence of vapor bubbles at room temperature demonstrate that fluid inclusions have not stretched or leaked. Daughter crystal dissolution temperatures are reproducible to within 0.1 • C to 10.2 • C (average of 1.8 • C), and thus faithfully document paleobrine conditions. Microcrystalline hematite incorporated within halite crystals also indicate high paleobrine temperatures. We conclude that halite crystallized from warm brines rich in K-Mg-Na-Cl; sylvite and carnallite daughter crystals were nucleated during cooling of the warm brines sometime after deposition. Hothouse, hydrothermal, and solar-heating hypotheses are compared to explain the anomalously high surface paleobrine temperatures. Solar radiation stored in shallow density stratified brines is the most plausible explanation for the observed paleobrine temperatures and the progressively higher temperatures downward through the paleobrine column. The solar-heating hypothesis may also explain high paleobrine temperatures documented from fluid inclusions in other ancient halites.

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Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Wang

Lowenstein

2017

Minerals

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“…In a vertical system of coordinates, with Z measured as positive downward, and Z=0 at the surface of the pond, Fig 26A,B. the transient equation of heat conduction in one dimension for the non-convective zone is written as [4,5].…”

Section: Mathematical Formulation and Numerical Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Parameters on Solar Pond Performance

Madani

2014

Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment

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By applying a model of finite differences, the thermal behavior of a large solar pond is studied in this paper. The 32-year data of sunny hours to daylength ratio are used for the estimation of global radiation. The temperature data of a similar duration are used for evaluating the ambient temperature. The effects of the variation of different zone thicknesses on pond performance are studied. It is observed that the upper convective zone thickness should be as thin as possible, the non-convective zone might be from 1 to 2 m and the lower convective zone thickness may be designed based on the application needs. A thicker non convective zone provides more insulation against heat losses, and a thicker lower convective one supplies a higher storage capacity, though with a lower operating temperature. The heat may be extracted from the pond by either a constant or a variable loading pattern. The appropriate loading pattern can be selected based on the needs and operational temperature. The LCZ temperature of the pond, under several heat extraction patterns, is also presented for practical applications.

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Experiment study of the effect of salt on the stability of solar ponds

Ines

Jomâa

2018

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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The sun is the largest source of renewable energy and this energy is abundantly available in all part of the earth. One way to trap solar energy is through the use of salt‐gradient solar ponds (SGSP). Collecting and storing of energy for this device is in one system, so the heat in summer can be utilized in winter. A typical SGSP consists of a pond containing three density stratified layers. The stability duration and the efficiency of a SGSP depend closely on the self‐maintenance of the NCZ layer, which itself depends on the type of the used salt. This article reviews nonconvective solar ponds, the problems encountered in their operations and the effect of the used salts. Three salts: NaCl, MgCl, and CaCl2 were tested in a laboratory set‐up under different operating conditions. Temperature and concentration gradients were developed by heating the pond from the bottom. The results showed that MgCl and CaCl2 stratification remains stable until the temperature reaches around 70 °C while NaCl layers were mixed at 55 °C. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 699–705, 2019

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Non-convecting solar ponds

Cited by 55 publications

References 5 publications

Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Effect of Different Parameters on Solar Pond Performance

Experiment study of the effect of salt on the stability of solar ponds

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