Non-destructive estimation of sapwood and heartwood width in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Bieker, Dirk; Rust, Steffen

doi:10.14214/sf.153

Cited by 57 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Those methods did not lead to a final and exact determination of the amount of sapwood and the results have to be considered with caution. However, they are compatible with those derived from recent studies on fresh samples of German Scots pines (Bieker and Rust, 2010). …”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

Roman wells of north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: Landscape and use of wooden resources

Piqué

Ravotto

López‐Bultó

2016

Quaternary International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Preservation of wood and other archaeobotanical remains is quite common in Roman wells from urban contexts. Wood recovered inside these wells can offer extraordinary information about forest exploitation and management, woodworking and building technology. The aim of this paper is to discuss and present the results and methodological approach of the analysis of wood recovered from three Roman wells in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Paleoecological information, different uses of raw material, and technological as well as dendrochronological data obtained are presented and contextualized in relation to the period and the region. The main taxa used for manufacturing the goods and the structural elements of the wells were obtained in a wide catchment area. Besides local wood, non-local wood such as fir, birch and scots-black pine was transported to the sites.

show abstract

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

Roman wells of north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: Landscape and use of wooden resources

Piqué

Ravotto

López‐Bultó

2016

Quaternary International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is not surprising as measurement of D S using ERT and benzidine solution revealed an overestimation by staining of up to 28% in Pinus sylvestris (Bieker and Rust 2010). Rust (1999) calculated A S of the same species based on CT and staining analysis and showed that results from stain-applications ranged from -7% to ?15% of A S identified by CT. Our detailed microscopic analysis revealed that occlusion of xylem vessels reached several millimetres into the region classified as sapwood by macroscopic methods, even where a distinct change in wood colour was visible ( Figure S3), resulting in overestimation of D S .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In contrast to angiosperms, sapwood density of gymnosperms generally differs significantly from that of heartwood (Shupe et al 1997;Bertaud and Holmbom 2004), which facilitates the use of NIR spectroscopy in various wood industries. Similarly, moisture content of gymnosperm sapwood is usually greater than that of heartwood (Bieker and Rust 2010). It is likely that the poor performance of models based on NIR measurements, in separating the two wood types in angiosperms, is caused by insufficient differences of moisture content and density in sapwood and heartwood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saito et al (2008) showed that timeof-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) can be used to differentiate between sapwood and heartwood in wood samples that do not express a natural or artificially introduced colour variation. Advanced methods such as computed tomography (CT), X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) and electric resistivity tomography (ERT) can estimate depth of sapwood from variations in moisture content (h), porosity or specific electrical resistivity of wood (Rust 1999;Steppe et al 2004;Rojas et al 2006;Bieker and Rust 2010). Successful use of a direct-scanning X-ray densitometer (Gartner 2002) and heat-sensitive infrared imaging (Gjerdrum and Høibø 2004) have also been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Assessing sapwood depth and wood properties in Eucalyptus and Corymbia spp. using visual methods and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR)

Pfautsch

Macfarlane

Ebdon

et al. 2012

Trees

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Accurate measurement of sapwood depth (D S ) is essential for calculating volumetric water use of individual trees and stands. Various methods are available to measure D S but their accuracy is rarely cross-validated. We sampled 15 Eucalyptus and 1 Corymbia species along a gradient of aridity and obtained reference values of D S in fresh wood cores using light microscopy, which represents our reference method. We compared this method to the simpler and widely used macroscopic method: visual assessment of natural or induced colour change from sapwood to heartwood. In a third method, estimation of D S was based on species-specific models that rely on wood properties measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Microscopy allowed clear identification of D S based on the presence of blocked vessels. Measurement of D S using microscopic methods was possible for 78 of a total of 80 cores and ranged from 3.6 mm (E. loxophleba) to 43.8 mm (E. viminalis). Macroscopic assessment clearly differentiated sapwood and heartwood in 60 cores. Results from microscopic and macroscopic methods agreed closely (\10% deviation between estimates) in 35 of 78 cores. After elimination of clearly erroneous measurements ([50% deviation between estimates), macroscopic measurement across all species agreed well with microscopic assessment of D S (R 2 = 0.92). Models developed for differentiation between sapwood and heartwood using NIR spectroscopy were very robust (high coefficient of determination) for four species, but D S could only be predicted well for one (E. obliqua) of the four species. Even after elimination of apparent false estimates, prediction of D S by NIR across species was not as strong as for macroscopic assessment (R 2 = 0.88). D S can accurately be measured using microscopy if vessel occlusion is clearly visible. Although slightly overestimated, D S from macroscopic assessment was generally similar to that measured by microscopy. NIR spectroscopy was unable to predict D S with acceptable accuracy for the majority of species. Further improvements in the prediction of D S using NIR will require more intensive model calibration and validation, and may not be applicable to all species.

show abstract

“…Since the first experiments by Just and Jacobs (1998), there have been several applications of this technique, for example, to detect decay Bieker and Rust 2010a), red heartwood in beech Hanskötter 2004) and in wild service tree (Weihs 2001), and brown heartwood or the early stages of white rot in ash (Weihs et al 2005;Bieker et al 2010, respectively). It can also be used to determine the exact sapwood area in various species (Bieker and Rust 2010b;Lin et al 2012). Rust and Göcke (2007) combined electrical impedance tomography and sonic tomography to create the PiCUS Treetonic system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting the presence of red heart in beech (Fagus sylvatica) using electrical voltage and resistance measurements

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a discoloration of their contents (Panshin and DeZeuw 1980). It is almost ubiquitous in older trees at felling age, but often affects younger specimens too. Healthy red heartwood is mostly considered a visual defect only, but, since beech is most often used in the furniture industry and interior design, red heart causes a major decrease in the perceived value, and leads to a serious drop in the retail price of beech wood (Molnar et al. 2001;Hapla and Ohnesorge 2005).There are several forms of red heart, all of which occur in beech wood. According to the characterisation by Sachsse (1991), they can be classified as red heartwood with round borders and a partly cloudy appearance on the cross-section, wounded heartwood with a small spatial extent, splashing heartwood (or dotty red heart) with jagged borders, and abnormal heartwood with black borders attacked by bacteria. In either case, the borders of red heart do not follow the annual ring boundaries. Figure 1 shows the first type, immediately after felling. In terms of its longitudinal expansion, it is most often spindle-like, but it may also be cone or upside-down cone shaped, or irregular. Red heart can also be classified as healthy or diseased, based on whether or not it has been attacked by fungi, and, as a result, they suffered some strength loss (Rumpf and Biro 2003;Wernsdörfer et al. 2005).Beech red heart has generated considerable research interest over the past decades. Wernsdörfer et al. (2005) provided a very detailed overview of the work done up to that point. Knoke (2002) provided a thorough review of the publications on heartwood formation, and concluded that reducing the amount of discolored timber is possible only based on information about the recent formation of red heartwood. He lamented the fact that non-destructive methods are not yet far enough advanced to provide information on early heartwood formation. AbstractRed heart is one of the most important visual defects in beech wood. Its detection is difficult, since its mechanical characteristics do not differ significantly from sound wood. However, its electric conductivity is different, which offers an opportunity for detecting beech red heart. Initial measurements using a 24-channel impedance tomograph were very efficient in detecting red heart due to its significantly lower electric resistance. High conductivity regions on the resistance map corresponded to the size and shape of the red heart. An 8-detector setup was investigated in a laboratory setting to establish the best electrode arrangement to develop a simple and reliable on-site detection method. On-site measurements, using only four electrodes, proved to be highly reliable to detect the presence of red heart in beech trees of 40-60 cm diameter. In the meantime, the method did not seem capable of determining the extent of red heart. The diameter of the tree was found to have very little effect on the measured voltage. Therefore, there is no need for diameter-correction in the examined diameter range.

show abstract

Non-destructive estimation of sapwood and heartwood width in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Roman wells of north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: Landscape and use of wooden resources

Roman wells of north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: Landscape and use of wooden resources

Assessing sapwood depth and wood properties in Eucalyptus and Corymbia spp. using visual methods and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR)

Detecting the presence of red heart in beech (Fagus sylvatica) using electrical voltage and resistance measurements

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About