Non-Destructive Evaluation of Toxic-Less Approach on Emitter Formation by Water-based Phosphoric Acid for n-Type Silicon

Rais, Ahmad Rujhan Mohd; Ahir, Zon Fazlila Mohd; Sinin, Nurul Aqidah Mohd; Rostan, Nur Fairuz Mohd; Sepeai, Suhaila; Ibrahim, Mohd Adib; Sopian, Kamaruzzaman

doi:10.1007/s12633-022-02231-3

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 43 publications

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“…Additionally, the thermal doping process uses dopant sources such as POCl 3 and BBr 3 , which are not environmentally friendly because of their toxic and corrosive properties. [ 10 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Approach for High‐Efficiency Dopant‐Free Solar Cells Characterized with Key Parameters

Kim,

Park,

Cho

et al. 2023

Solar RRL

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Crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells have dominated the photovoltaic market due to their superior mechanical and thermal robustness, nonhazardous nature, optimal energy bandgap, and the availability of established manufacturing techniques. However, conventional c‐Si solar cells fabricated through thermal doping processes present challenges such as high recombination rates and increased production costs. Recently, dopant‐free solar cells have emerged as a promising next‐generation approach; they offer numerous advantages, such as reduced recombination, cost‐effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and applicability to nano‐ and submicrometer structures. This review evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of dopant‐free passivating contact materials for emitters, tracing the development of dopant‐free solar cells from the earliest reports to the current state‐of‐the‐art. A systematic evaluation of these materials based on their electrical and optical properties, coating conformality, stability, and overall photovoltaic performance is presented. Moreover, the limitations of dopant‐free solar cells are identified and strategies to further enhance their efficiency are proposed.

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“…Additionally, the thermal doping process uses dopant sources such as POCl 3 and BBr 3 , which are not environmentally friendly because of their toxic and corrosive properties. [ 10 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Approach for High‐Efficiency Dopant‐Free Solar Cells Characterized with Key Parameters

Kim,

Park,

Cho

et al. 2023

Solar RRL

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Reduced Toxicity and Aqueous-Based Solvent Using Phosphoric Acid as the Dopant Source for Formation Emitter Layer of Silicon Solar Cells

Mohd Ahir,

Sepeai,

Mohd Sinin

et al. 2023

Silicon

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Exploring low temperature-sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) as an anti-reflection layer for silicon solar cells

Mohd Ahir,

Mohd Rais,

Ahmad Ludin

et al. 2024

Semicond. Sci. Technol.

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This paper tackles challenges in silicon (Si) solar cells, specifically the use of hazardous Phosphorus Oxychloride (POCl3) for emitter formation and silane/ammonia for the Anti-Reflective Coating (ARC) layer, accompanied by high-temperature metallization. The study proposes an eco-friendly ARC layer process, replacing toxic materials. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) with a refractive index of ~2.0 is suggested as a non-toxic substitute for SiNx in the ARC layer. ITO enables fine-tuning of optical parameters and, with its electrical properties, supports low-resistivity contacts through efficient, low-temperature metallization processes. ITO-passivated solar cells with Ag polymer paste as a front contact exhibit promising characteristics: a commendable photocurrent density (Jsc) of 20 mA/cm2 at 850°C, low series resistance (Rs) of 1.9 Ω, and high shunt resistance (Rshunt) of 28.9 Ω, as demonstrated by illuminated I-V measurements. Implementing ITO as the ARC on a less toxic emitter junction enhances Si solar cells current density gain, minimizing current leakage during high-temperature processing. In conclusion, adopting less toxic materials and employing low-temperature processing in passive silicon solar cell fabrication present an attractive alternative for cost reduction and contribute to environmentally sustainable practices in green manufacturing.

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Non-Destructive Evaluation of Toxic-Less Approach on Emitter Formation by Water-based Phosphoric Acid for n-Type Silicon

Cited by 3 publications

References 43 publications

Rational Approach for High‐Efficiency Dopant‐Free Solar Cells Characterized with Key Parameters

Rational Approach for High‐Efficiency Dopant‐Free Solar Cells Characterized with Key Parameters

Reduced Toxicity and Aqueous-Based Solvent Using Phosphoric Acid as the Dopant Source for Formation Emitter Layer of Silicon Solar Cells

Exploring low temperature-sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) as an anti-reflection layer for silicon solar cells

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