Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants against Alzheimer’s Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Although substantial research has been conducted to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of AD, the therapeutic approach still has limited efficacy in clinical practice. Oxidative stress (OS) has been established as an early driver of several age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration. In AD, increased levels of reactive oxygen species mediate neuronal lipid, protein, and nucleic acid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, and inflammation. Thus, the identification of novel antioxidant molecules capable of detecting, preventing, and counteracting AD onset and progression is of the utmost importance. However, although several studies have been published, comprehensive and up-to-date overviews of the principal anti-AD agents harboring antioxidant properties remain scarce. In this narrative review, we summarize the role of vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, mitochondria-targeting molecules, organosulfur compounds, and carotenoids as non-enzymatic antioxidants with AD diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic potential, thereby offering insights into the relationship between OS and neurodegeneration.

Antioxidant activity study and GC-MS profiling of Camellia sinensis Linn

“…It is commonly employed in both medical and recreational contexts to alleviate fatigue and sleepiness, as well as to enhance performance in a cost-effective manner, hence reducing the overall likelihood of developing cancer. Furthermore, it is more effectively acknowledged as a non-enzymatic antioxidant [ [66] , [67] , [68] ].…”

Chitosan/PLA-loaded Magnesium oxide nanocomposite to attenuate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotoxicity in rat models of Alzheimer's disease

“…Furthermore, it is well established that increased cholinergic activity is associated with improved cerebral blood flow (Zhou et al, 2019). The enzyme AChE breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in cognition and memory through the modulation of synaptic transmission (Varesi et al, 2023). Therefore, AChE inhibition is a prime and promising target for AD.…”

Neuroprotective Effect of Saroglitazar on Scopolamine-Induced Alzheimer’s in Rats: Insights into the Underlying Mechanisms

“…The samples were again dehydrated by ascending grades of alcohol, 50, 70%, and absolute, for 2 min each. Finally, the slides were cleared with xylene and covered with a microscopic cover slide to be observed under an electron light microscope …”

“…Finally, the slides were cleared with xylene and covered with a microscopic cover slide to be observed under an electron light microscope. 87 3.9. Statistical Analysis.…”