Non-epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Elucidating Uncommon Gynaecological Malignancies

Boussios, Stergios; Zarkavelis, George; Seraj, Esmeralda; Zerdes, Ioannis; Tatsi, Konstantina; Pentheroudakis, George

doi:10.21873/anticanres.11072

Cited by 54 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Women who experience such symptoms daily for more than a few weeks should seek prompt medical evaluation. Women who have nonepithelial tumors often present with more specific early signs, including irregular vaginal bleeding . Additionally, sex cord‐stromal tumors often produce sex hormones, which may affect menstruation and/or cause male physical characteristics, such as a deep voice or body hair …”

Section: Early Detection and Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Women who have nonepithelial tumors often present with more specific early signs, including irregular vaginal bleeding. 76 Additionally, sex cord-stromal tumors often produce sex hormones, which may affect menstruation and/or cause male physical characteristics, such as a deep voice or body hair. 77 Currently, there is no recommended screening test for ovarian cancer, although large-scale randomized clinical studies to identify effective screening modalities are ongoing.…”

Section: Early Detection and Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ovarian cancer statistics, 2018

Torre

Trabert

DeSantis

et al. 2018

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

2,671

2,126

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In 2018, there will be approximately 22,240 new cases of ovarian cancer diagnosed and 14,070 ovarian cancer deaths in the United States. Herein, the American Cancer Society provides an overview of ovarian cancer occurrence based on incidence data from nationwide population-based cancer registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. The status of early detection strategies is also reviewed. In the United States, the overall ovarian cancer incidence rate declined from 1985 (16.6 per 100,000) to 2014 (11.8 per 100,000) by 29% and the mortality rate declined between 1976 (10.0 per 100,000) and 2015 (6.7 per 100,000) by 33%. Ovarian cancer encompasses a heterogenous group of malignancies that vary in etiology, molecular biology, and numerous other characteristics. Ninety percent of ovarian cancers are epithelial, the most common being serous carcinoma, for which incidence is highest in non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) (5.2 per 100,000) and lowest in non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (APIs) (3.4 per 100,000). Notably, however, APIs have the highest incidence of endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, which occur at younger ages and help explain comparable epithelial cancer incidence for APIs and NHWs younger than 55 years. Most serous carcinomas are diagnosed at stage III (51%) or IV (29%), for which the 5-year cause-specific survival for patients diagnosed during 2007 through 2013 was 42% and 26%, respectively. For all stages of epithelial cancer combined, 5-year survival is highest in APIs (57%) and lowest in NHBs (35%), who have the lowest survival for almost every stage of diagnosis across cancer subtypes. Moreover, survival has plateaued in NHBs for decades despite increasing in NHWs, from 40% for cases diagnosed during 1992 through 1994 to 47% during 2007 through 2013. Progress in reducing ovarian cancer incidence and mortality can be accelerated by reducing racial disparities and furthering knowledge of etiology and tumorigenesis to facilitate strategies for prevention and early detection. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:284-296. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

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Section: Early Detection and Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Early Detection and Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian cancer statistics, 2018

Torre

Trabert

DeSantis

et al. 2018

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

2,671

2,126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Morphologically, ovarian cancer is classified into two broad categories: (i) non-epithelial ovarian cancer (NEOC) and (ii) epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). There are two types of NEOC: germ-cell tumors (GCT) and sex cord-stromal tumors (SCST) [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. While 10–15% of ovarian cancer cases are NEOC [ 4 , 5 ], the vast majority (85–90%) belong to EOC [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Ovarian Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Origins of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

Kim

Park

Kim

et al. 2018

Cancers

204

202

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High-grade serous ovarian cancer, also known as high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), is the most common and deadliest type of ovarian cancer. HGSC appears to arise from the ovary, fallopian tube, or peritoneum. As most HGSC cases present with widespread peritoneal metastases, it is often not clear where HGSC truly originates. Traditionally, the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) was long believed to be the origin of HGSC. Since the late 1990s, the fallopian tube epithelium has emerged as a potential primary origin of HGSC. Particularly, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC), a noninvasive tumor lesion formed preferentially in the distal fallopian tube epithelium, was proposed as a precursor for HGSC. It was hypothesized that STIC lesions would progress, over time, to malignant and metastatic HGSC, arising from the fallopian tube or after implanting on the ovary or peritoneum. Many clinical studies and several mouse models support the fallopian tube STIC origin of HGSC. Current evidence indicates that STIC may serve as a precursor for HGSC in high-risk women carrying germline BRCA1 or 2 mutations. Yet not all STIC lesions appear to progress to clinical HGSCs, nor would all HGSCs arise from STIC lesions, even in high-risk women. Moreover, the clinical importance of STIC remains less clear in women in the general population, in which 85–90% of all HGSCs arise. Recently, increasing attention has been brought to the possibility that many potential precursor or premalignant lesions, though composed of microscopically—and genetically—cancerous cells, do not advance to malignant tumors or lethal malignancies. Hence, rigorous causal evidence would be crucial to establish that STIC is a bona fide premalignant lesion for metastatic HGSC. While not all STICs may transform into malignant tumors, these lesions are clearly associated with increased risk for HGSC. Identification of the molecular characteristics of STICs that predict their malignant potential and clinical behavior would bolster the clinical importance of STIC. Also, as STIC lesions alone cannot account for all HGSCs, other potential cellular origins of HGSC need to be investigated. The fallopian tube stroma in mice, for instance, has been shown to be capable of giving rise to metastatic HGSC, which faithfully recapitulates the clinical behavior and molecular aspect of human HGSC. Elucidating the precise cell(s) of origin of HGSC will be critical for improving the early detection and prevention of ovarian cancer, ultimately reducing ovarian cancer mortality.

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“…The amounts of stromal or granulosa cells make the solid component appear as soft or firm, whereas the lipids present in the cells give it the typical white to yellow color. Necrotic or hemorrhagic areas are infrequent [1,2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumors: Cystic Presentation of Six Cases

Nocito

Sarancone

2020

SN Compr. Clin. Med.

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The World Health Organization classifies ovarian granulosa cell tumors as sex cord stromal tumors pure sex cord and both, adult granulosa and juvenile granulosa cell tumors are described. Usually, they appear as solid or cystic solid tumors and less commonly the tumors are entirely cystic, which results in scarce literature published on this presentation. Juvenile type presents histologically a lobulated appearance Call-Exner bodies are infrequent, luteinization is common, and it is usual to observe follicles containing eosinophilic or basophilic secretions. Adult type typically shows a proliferation of uniform cells with vesicular nuclei that show typical grooves. It is important to take into account the entirely cystic presentation to avoid wrong diagnoses such as ovarian follicular cyst. From the pathological point of view there are no overwhelming data that could clearly differentiate a cystic granulosa cell tumor from a follicular cyst. However, some authors have described macroscopic and microscopic findings that should be taken into account to perform the differential diagnostic between these entities. Six cystic granulosa cell tumor cases from the period 1973-2017 from our Pathology Department were studied, and they included three adult granulosa cell tumors and three juvenile granulosa cell tumors. We analyzed clinical presentation and histological features like patterns, nuclear atypia, epithelium-stroma relationship, mitotic index, and presence of necrosis in order to establish whether there is a correlation among these parameters and clinical behavior. Keywords Cystic ovarian granulosa cell tumor. Follicular cyst. Ovarian tumor. Granulosa cell tumor This article is part of the Topical Collection on Medicine

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Non-epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Elucidating Uncommon Gynaecological Malignancies

Cited by 54 publications

References 54 publications

Ovarian cancer statistics, 2018

Ovarian cancer statistics, 2018

Cell Origins of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumors: Cystic Presentation of Six Cases

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