Non-Fungible Tokens as a Mechanism for Representing Patient Consent

Cunningham, James A.; Davies, Nigel; Devaney, Sarah; Holm, Søren; Harding, Mike; Neumann, Victoria; Ainsworth, John

doi:10.3233/shti220479

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Cunningham et al [26] propose an NFT-based system architecture that allows patients to have control over their medical records, which makes them able to grant access to their records only when necessary. The proposed architecture allows legitimate consumers to apply for consent to obtain data from medical data providers, and this process can be performed once only.…”

Section: Data Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using NFTs for Product Management, Digital Certification, Trading, and Delivery in the Healthcare Supply Chain

Musamih

Yaqoob

Salah

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage.

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruption in the healthcare market, which resulted in shortages of essential healthcare products. The pandemic exacerbated the problems that already existed in the healthcare supply chain, such as poor data availability, transparency, and accessibility. Such problems necessitate the introduction of a solution that is capable of managing products, maintaining ownership, facilitating trading, and delivering products in a traceable, auditable, and trustworthy manner. In this article, we propose a nonfungible-token-based solution for the management of healthcare products, where the ownership of a product is maintained by using digital certification, the trade and delivery of healthcare products is facilitated by a smart contract, and disputes are settled by an arbitrator while keeping all related information on-chain for auditing purposes. We utilize the Interplanetary File System to store the metadata of healthcare products to avoid storing large-sized data on the blockchain. We present system diagrams and algorithms along with the implementation details. We conduct security testing to demonstrate that our solution is resilient and secure against common vulnerabilities and exploits. We compare our solution with the existing solutions to show its distinctive features and novelty. The smart contracts code is made publicly available on GitHub.

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Section: Data Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using NFTs for Product Management, Digital Certification, Trading, and Delivery in the Healthcare Supply Chain

Musamih

Yaqoob

Salah

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage.

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“…According to the paper, NFTs could provide a secure and immutable record of health information, improving the efficiency and accuracy of data exchange while protecting privacy. Chunningham et al [30] proposed an NFT-based application for representing, sharing, and tracking patients' consent records for health data use. The proposed solution utilizes NFTs to create verifiable and auditable records of consent from data subjects, with a designated purpose of use, and to provide a secure and private means of transferring consent to data consumers.…”

Section: B Nft-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trusted Traceability and Certification of Refurbished Medical Devices Using Dynamic Composable NFTs

et al. 2023

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Medical devices play a crucial role in the global healthcare system, but their high cost has led to the increasing adoption of refurbished medical devices as a sustainable alternative for hospitals and patients around the world. The repositioning of refurbished devices into the market, however, is accompanied by a number of challenges, including concerns about quality and safety, as well as the risk of fraudulent activities such as counterfeiting. To address these challenges, we propose an NFT-based solution for managing refurbished medical devices that creates a secure, transparent, and verifiable record of the refurbishment process to ensure the safety and quality of these devices. The proposed solution utilizes dynamic composable NFTs as digital representations of medical devices, with replacement parts and certificate documents embedded in a parent-child NFT hierarchy, and reprocessing steps captured and reflected through the evolution of the dynamic tokens. This serves to authenticate and track the movement of refurbished devices while also providing a trustworthy means of managing individual devices and their ownership. Furthermore, the integration of non-transferable NFTs as certificates of refurbishment acts as an effective mechanism for detecting suspect medical devices and instances of fraudulent labeling, thereby increasing buyer confidence and promoting user safety. We leverage the Interplanetary File System to store and keep track of the metadata of the tokenized components of the system. We present the system architecture and implementation details with tested algorithms. We develop a front-end decentralized application (DApp) to interact with the designed smart contracts and showcase their functionalities. We also conduct security analysis to demonstrate our system is resistant to common vulnerabilities and exploits. The smart contract code is made available on GitHub.

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“…As mentioned, NFT technology possesses the properties of being unique, immutable, transferable, verifiable and traceable. Researchers explored these properties and designed a reference architecture using NFT to represent and transfer the consent of patients regarding the use of their medical data [26]. Although the proposed architecture list some components and process of the whole system, no detailed case study or experimental analysis is given in this work.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Lightweight Authentication Framework for Privacy-Preserving Virtual Health Services

Qi¹,

Xu²,

Sun³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Seniors safety is a compelling need, which necessitates 24/7 real-time monitoring and timely dangerous action recognition. Being able to mirror characteristics of physical objects (PO) to corresponding logical objects (LO) and seamlessly monitor their footprints thus detect anomaly parameters, Digital Twins (DT) has been considered a practical way to provide virtual health services for seniors safety. Meanwhile, widely adopted Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) consisting of wearable sensors and non-contact optical cameras for self and remote health data monitoring also raises concerns on information security and privacy violation. Therefore, security of POs, LOs and reliable data sharing among healthcare professionals are challenging as constructing trust and privacy-preserving virtual health services. Thanks to characteristics of decentralization, traceability and unalterability, Blockchain is promising to enhance security and privacy properties in many areas like data analysis, finance and healthcare. This paper envisions a lightweight authentication framework (LAF) to enable secure and privacy-preserving virtual healthcare services. Leveraging Non-Fungible Token (NFT) technology to tokenize LOs and data streams on blockchain, anyone can certify the authenticity of a digital LO along with its synchronized data between PO without relying on a third-party agency. In addition, the NFT-based tokenization not only allows owners fully control their IoMT devices and data, but it also enables verifiable ownership and traceable transferability during data sharing process. Moreover, NFT only contains references to encrypted raw data that are saved on off-chain storage like local files or distributed databases, such a hybrid storage strategy ensures privacy-preservation for sensitive information. A proof-of-concept prototype is implemented and tests are conducted on a case study of seniors safety. The experimental evaluation shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed LAF solution.

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Non-Fungible Tokens as a Mechanism for Representing Patient Consent

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Using NFTs for Product Management, Digital Certification, Trading, and Delivery in the Healthcare Supply Chain

Using NFTs for Product Management, Digital Certification, Trading, and Delivery in the Healthcare Supply Chain

Trusted Traceability and Certification of Refurbished Medical Devices Using Dynamic Composable NFTs

A Lightweight Authentication Framework for Privacy-Preserving Virtual Health Services

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