Non HLA genetic markers association with type-1 diabetes mellitus

Risk genes and autoantibodies in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes – low frequency of autoantibodies in carriers of the HLA‐DRB1*04:05‐DQA1*03‐DQB1*02 risk haplotype

“…In Egyptian children with T1D, the frequency of INS gene polymorphisms detected by rs689 SNP analysis is consistent with results from most other populations including an earlier study performed in Egypt Delta [31]. The AA genotype and A allele associated with variable number tandem repeat class I were increased among patients.…”

The Relationship between insulin variable number of tandem repeats (INS-VNTR) -23 A/T and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) +49 A/G polymorphisms with islet autoantibodies in persons with diabetes

“…These are INS-VNTR and CTLA-4. Together, these two genes confer an inheritable disease risk no larger than 15% (19,20) (25). Also, Cejkova P et al showed that the genotype and allele frequencies of -23 HphI did not differ between T1DM, LADA and T2DM groups and group of healthy subjects in population of the Czech Republic (26).…”

Association of insulin gene VNTR INS -23/Hph1 A>T (rs689) polymorphism with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Egyptian children

“…However, the sample size was too small with 25 cases and 20 controls; in their series, all patients had class I and all controls had class III. Also all family members had class III except for three mothers with class I with no comment on the distribution of wild, hetero, and homozygous in the different groups [24].…”

“…Studies performed in Egypt on genetic background of T1DM, including studies of the research team, have so far addressed mainly the contribution of the HLA region and CTLA-4 [21][22][23]. Only one previous study, performed on 25 subjects, addressed the role of INS gene in risk susceptibility to TIDM [24].…”