“…Therefore, one should distinguish between two kinds of pick-up systems: those having their longitudinal discontinuities far apart compared to the bunch length, and those having their discontinuities very close to each other, the bunch being much longer than the electrode. Under both of these headings one can list all kinds of non-intercepting obstacles: loops, 3^ waveguides, cavities, 5^ buttons, 6^ strips, 7 ' 6 ' gaps, 9 ' 31 " plates, 11 * 12 half-moons, 13^ sections of cylinders, 1 '*'' coils, 15 ' etc. The systems associated with these various types of beam detection are Position Monitors, which can also operate in the single turn mode for the case of not-yet-storing storage rings or for beam transport lines, Current Monitors, Beam Dampers using feedback on a turn-to-turn basis to prevent the rise of transverse or logitudinal coherent oscillations, measurement of tunes, investigations of beam damping parameters, or diagnostic techniques probing bunches' raultipole oscillations.…”