Non‐intrusive, <i>in situ</i> detection of ammonia in hot gas flows with mid‐infrared degenerate four‐wave mixing at 2.3 µm

Sahlberg, Anna Lena; Hot, Dina; Aldén, Marcus; Li, Z. S.

doi:10.1002/jrs.4882

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Members of the same research group investigated the ro‐vibrational spectra of small hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures using infrared degenerate four‐wave mixing. Because of the non‐linear nature of the DFWM technique, it provides much higher contrast for strong lines of small molecules over backgrounds of high‐density weak lines, which commonly exist in hot gas flows of thermochemical reactions . Visser used resonant four‐wave mixing to unravel the electronic structure of transition metal dimers.…”

Section: Non‐linear Coherent and Time‐resolved Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the non-linear nature of the DFWM technique, it provides much higher contrast for strong lines of small molecules over backgrounds of high-density weak lines, which commonly exist in hot gas flows of thermochemical reactions. [102] Visser used resonant four-wave mixing to unravel the electronic structure of transition metal dimers. A new laser vaporization source for the production of transition metal dimers and clusters was constructed, and the new design aims for a high number density and maximum possible shot-to-shot stability.…”

Section: Other Coherent Non-linear Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part XI

Nafie

2017

J Raman Spectroscopy

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This review, published annually, provides an overview of advances in the field of Raman spectroscopy as found in papers published in the preceding calendar year in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (JRS), as well as in trends over the past decade across journals that have published papers important to the field of Raman spectroscopy. This information is obtained from statistical data on article counts obtained from Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science Core Collection by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations at the IX International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy (ICAVS‐9) in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, in June 2017 and those featuring Raman scattering at SCIX 2017 organized by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) in Reno, Nevada, USA, in October 2017. Coverage is also provided for topics from the European Conference on Non‐linear Optical Spectroscopy (ECONOS 2017) held in April 2017 in Jena, Germany, and the Ninth Congress on the Application of Raman in Art and Archaeology (RAA 2017) in October 2017 in Evora, Portugal. Finally, papers published in JRS in 2016 are highlighted and arranged by topics at the frontier of Raman spectroscopy. Based on this survey information, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy maintains a rapidly expanding influence across a wide range of novel disciplines and applications that provide sensitive photonic information of matter at the molecular level.

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Section: Non‐linear Coherent and Time‐resolved Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Coherent Non-linear Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part XI

Nafie

2017

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…However, these sampling-based techniques introduce unknown measurement uncertainties due to the high hygroscopicity and reactivity of NH 3 , and the intrusive processes hinder the possibility of reliable in situ measurements, especially in combustion environments. To have nonintrusive measurements of NH 3 in hot gas environments, several optical diagnostics have been developed, such as broadband UV absorption spectroscopy, 19À21 laser-induced photofragmentation fluorescence (LIPF), 22 femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy, 23 two-photon laser-induced fluorescence, 24À27 degenerate four-wave mixing, 28,29 and infrared absorption spectroscopy. 30À32 Compared with the other techniques, UV absorption spectroscopy has some advantages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet Absorption Cross-Sections of Ammonia at Elevated Temperatures for Nonintrusive Quantitative Detection in Combustion Environments

et al. 2021

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Ammonia (NH3) is regarded as an important nitrogen oxides (NOx) precursor and also as an effective reductant for NOx removal in energy utilization through combustion, and it has recently become an attractive non-carbon alternative fuel. To have a better understanding of thermochemical properties of NH3, accurate in situ detection of NH3 in high temperature environments is desirable. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy is a feasible technique. To achieve quantitative measurements, spectrally resolved UV absorption cross-sections of NH3 in hot gas environments at different temperatures from 295 K to 590 K were experimentally measured for the first time. Based on the experimental results, vibrational constants of NH3 were determined and used for the calculation of the absorption cross-section of NH3 at high temperatures above 590 K using the PGOPHER software. The investigated UV spectra covered the range of wavelengths from 190 nm to 230 nm, where spectral structures of the [Formula: see text] transition of NH3 in the umbrella bending mode, v2, were recognized. The absorption cross-section was found to decrease at higher temperatures. For example, the absorption cross-section peak of the (6, 0) vibrational band of NH3 decreases from ∼2 × 10−17 to ∼0.5 × 10−17 cm2/molecule with the increase of temperature from 295 K to 1570 K. Using the obtained absorption cross-section, in situ nonintrusive quantification of NH3 in different hot gas environments was achieved with a detection limit varying from below 10 parts per million (ppm) to around 200 ppm as temperature increased from 295 K to 1570 K. The quantitative measurement was applied to an experimental investigation of NH3 combustion process. The concentrations of NH3 and nitric oxide (NO) in the post flame zone of NH3–methane (CH4)–air premixed flames at different equivalence ratios were measured.

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“…The latter, however, are laser-based techniques that do not possess the drawbacks mentioned above. Laser-based techniques include Raman scattering, absorption spectroscopy , [or tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) , ], nonlinear optical techniques, − and fluorescence-based techniques. − Among them, Raman scattering has a relatively simple experimental system, but its signal is weak and susceptible to interference . Absorption spectroscopy, which has a high sensitivity (e.g., 1 ppm), can achieve quantitative measurements but can only obtain line-of-sight information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia Measurements with Femtosecond Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Premixed NH₃/Air Flames

Liu

Gao

et al. 2019

Energy Fuels

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Ammonia (NH3), which can be a hydrogen carrier, is a promising alternative to fossil fuels in the future carbon-free economy. In situ techniques feasible for the remote and non-intrusive detection of NH3 will provide strong support for developing clean NH3 combustion. Here, we demonstrated a femtosecond two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (fs-TPLIF) technique for interference-free in situ NH3 measurements in laminar premixed NH3/air flames. The two-head band of NH3 at ∼565 nm was observed, which verifies the feasibility of fs-TPLIF for NH3 measurements in a combustion environment. The single-shot NH3 fs-TPLIF images with efficient signal-to-noise ratios were obtained. The variation of the thickness of the reaction zone with the equivalence ratio of NH3 flames was also obtained. As a result of the broad line width of the femtosecond laser, the OH fluorescence was also observed together with the NH3 fluorescence. The potential of fs-TPLIF for simultaneous measurements of NH3 and OH with only one laser was analyzed. The laser power dependence of NH3 and NH emissions was investigated. The radial distributions of NH3, NH, and OH in the flame were also discussed. This work is the first attempt of fs-TPLIF for NH3 measurements in a combustion environment, and the results indicate that fs-TPLIF is a feasible tool for NH3 measurements in combustion diagnostics.

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Non‐intrusive, in situ detection of ammonia in hot gas flows with mid‐infrared degenerate four‐wave mixing at 2.3 µm

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part XI

Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part XI

Ultraviolet Absorption Cross-Sections of Ammonia at Elevated Temperatures for Nonintrusive Quantitative Detection in Combustion Environments

Ammonia Measurements with Femtosecond Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Premixed NH₃/Air Flames

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Non‐intrusive, in situ detection of ammonia in hot gas flows with mid‐infrared degenerate four‐wave mixing at 2.3 µm

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part XI

Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part XI

Ultraviolet Absorption Cross-Sections of Ammonia at Elevated Temperatures for Nonintrusive Quantitative Detection in Combustion Environments

Ammonia Measurements with Femtosecond Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Premixed NH3/Air Flames

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Product

Resources

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Ammonia Measurements with Femtosecond Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Premixed NH₃/Air Flames