Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring with Armband-Embedded Antenna Sensor and RADWT Algorithm

Abstract

Researchers are continuing to align new technology and increased medical understanding to provide even more ways to help diabetics live healthier lives. Antenna sensors are also being developed for non-invasive glucose monitoring. Wearable technology in healthcare has several advantages, including convenience, lower healthcare costs, improved diagnosis, and improved patient outcomes. A wearable patch antenna can be a passive sensor to detect various body signals. Signal acquisition and linear regression modeling monitor fluctuating diabetes levels with an antenna sensor. The antenna's operating frequency is set to 4.1 GHz, which is in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band. As a substrate material, rigid FR4 (r = 3.5, tan = 0.0027, and thickness of 0.1 mm) is used. The proposed antenna will improve return loss, VSWR, gain, and efficiency. In comparison to other existing wearable antennas, it has a lower return loss, VSWR, gain, and specific absorption rate (SAR). The achieved antenna return loss at 4.1 GHz is approximately 37 dB, the achieved directivity at 4.1 GHz is 2.1 dBi and the achieved gain is 1.8 dBi. The VSWR value obtained at 4.1 GHz is acceptable in terms of impedance matching. The proposed antenna design is designed and simulated using CST. The acquired signal from the thumb tip antenna was processed using the linear regression algorithm to calculate the blood glucose level. The experimental results indicate that, with regression modeling, the signal from the thumb tip antenna could be used to more reliably monitor blood glucose levels than existing invasive methods. The experimental results validated blood glucose levels taken from the thumb tip using an AccuChek glucometer.