Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors Operating in Human Physiological Fluids

Falk, Magnus; Psotta, Carolin; Cirovic, Stefan; Shleev, Sergey

doi:10.3390/s20216352

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 173 publications

(408 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, nowadays, biosensor-based techniques are applied for the determination of different biologically active materials [ 1 , 2 ]. Amperometric enzyme-based biosensors are the most frequently used among many other types of biosensors [ 3 , 4 ]. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic (enzyme-mimicking) [ 5 ] reactions are the most frequently exploited during the action of catalytic biosensors and sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

Ramanavičius

2021

Nanomaterials

127

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Charge transfer (CT) is a very important issue in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Some nanomaterials can be applied to facilitate the CT in these bioelectronics-based devices. In this review, we overview some CT mechanisms and/or pathways that are the most frequently established between redox enzymes and electrodes. Facilitation of indirect CT by the application of some nanomaterials is frequently applied in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells. More sophisticated and still rather rarely observed is direct charge transfer (DCT), which is often addressed as direct electron transfer (DET), therefore, DCT/DET is also targeted and discussed in this review. The application of conducting polymers (CPs) for the immobilization of enzymes and facilitation of charge transfer during the design of biosensors and biofuel cells are overviewed. Significant attention is paid to various ways of synthesis and application of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Some DCT/DET mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed, taking into account that not only charge transfer via electrons, but also charge transfer via holes can play a crucial role in the design of bioelectronics-based devices. Biocompatibility aspects of CPs, which provides important advantages essential for implantable bioelectronics, are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

Ramanavičius

2021

Nanomaterials

127

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“…By contrast, electrochemical sensors, typically employed for continuous sweat monitoring, require constant flux of sweat over the sensor surface to maintain analytical performance. 30,45,49,50,114 of active or passive valves enables discrete activation of sensors, deconvolution of flow-rate effects, and programmed sensing at selected time intervals. The expanding library of valving approaches, in combination with other emerging design concepts such as integrated mixing systems, 115 facilitates the development of devices capable of high-precision sensing of sweat biomarkers.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics

et al. 2021

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Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.

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“…The recent years witnessed a tremendous progress in the development of enzymatic biosensors as wearable devices for the non-invasive analysis of biomarkers in physiological fluids [ 2 ], for example for the detection of glucose, lactate, alcohol and uric acid analysis in sweat [ 3 ]. The in vivo analysis is another area that has seen progress in designing electrochemical enzyme biosensors with enhanced selectivity [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] best illustrated by implantable electrodes for the detection of neurotransmitters in the brain [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing the Selectivity of Enzyme Biosensors: Solutions and Perspectives

Bucur

Purcarea²,

Andreescu

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Enzymatic biosensors enjoy commercial success and are the subject of continued research efforts to widen their range of practical application. For these biosensors to reach their full potential, their selectivity challenges need to be addressed by comprehensive, solid approaches. This review discusses the status of enzymatic biosensors in achieving accurate and selective measurements via direct biocatalytic and inhibition-based detection, with a focus on electrochemical enzyme biosensors. Examples of practical solutions for tackling the activity and selectivity problems and preventing interferences from co-existing electroactive compounds in the samples are provided such as the use of permselective membranes, sentinel sensors and coupled multi-enzyme systems. The effect of activators, inhibitors or enzymatic substrates are also addressed by coupled enzymatic reactions and multi-sensor arrays combined with data interpretation via chemometrics. In addition to these more traditional approaches, the review discusses some ingenious recent approaches, detailing also on possible solutions involving the use of nanomaterials to ensuring the biosensors’ selectivity. Overall, the examples presented illustrate the various tools available when developing enzyme biosensors for new applications and stress the necessity to more comprehensively investigate their selectivity and validate the biosensors versus standard analytical methods.

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Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors Operating in Human Physiological Fluids

Cited by 35 publications

References 173 publications

Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics

Addressing the Selectivity of Enzyme Biosensors: Solutions and Perspectives

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