Non‐invasive monitoring of commonly used intraocular drugs against endophthalmitis by raman spectroscopy

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy may offer an effective tool to non-invasively assess the local concentration of the delivered drugs within the ocular media. This technique potentially could be used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intraocular drugs in vivo either from a releasing implant or a direct injection.

Detection of Raman Spectra in Ocular Drugs for PotentialIn VivoApplication of Raman Spectroscopy

“…Further, application of a noninvasive approach is desirable, because it can eliminate the risks involved with invasively acquiring samples. 1 In the biomedical field, Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect the presence of molecules that exhibit unique Raman signatures. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Raman spectroscopy measures the shift in wavelength of incident light as it is scattered by molecules in the tissue or media.…”

“…10 In several studies, the local concentration of the antibiotic ceftazidime and the antifungal agent amphotericin B has been quantified in animal models. 1,11,12 Further, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin has been quantified in a model system mimicking the anterior chamber of the eye. 13 The feasibility of in vivo application of Raman spectroscopy has been already demonstrated in a pharmacokinetic study.…”

Measurement of Amphotericin B concentration by Resonant Raman Spectroscopy – a novel technique that may be useful for non-invasive monitoring

“…administration shows that Raman Spectroscopy is very sensitive and capable of detecting levels well below those expected after direct ocular injection. A previous study demonstrated the ability to use Raman spectroscopy to measure AmB in a cuvette and to visualize Raman peaks in the anterior chamber however, the authors did not attempt to predict concentration in the latter [6].…”

“…One previous study has demonstrated the ability to visualize AmB Raman spectra in vitro and in vivo at therapeutic concentrations [6]. We used a model anterior chamber to determine if AmB at pharmacologic concentrations can be measured with Resonant Raman Spectroscopy (RRS) in vitro.…”

Identification and characterization of pharmaceuticals using Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

“…21 An integrated CCDbased Raman spectroscopic system designed specifically for ophthalmic applications was used to detect non-invasively the presence of ceftazidime and amphotericin B in ocular media. The characteristic Raman fingerprints of the drugs were evidenced for various concentrations that were injected through a needle into the aqueous humor of rabbit eyes in vivo.…”