Non-Linear Effects of the Built Environment and Social Environment on Bus Use among Older Adults in China: An Application of the XGBoost Model

Wang, Lanjing; Zhao, Chunli; Liu, Xiaofei; Chen, Xumei; Li, Chaoyang; Wang, Tao; Wu, Jun; Zhang, Yi

doi:10.3390/ijerph18189592

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…(The GBDT model had, in turn, been developed based on the tree learning method and is used to predict data.) Recently, studies have used the GBDT model to examine the nonlinear association between the built environment and travel behaviors [ 34 , 35 ]. The main difference between the GBDT and XGBoost models is that the former uses only first-order Taylor expansion, whereas the latter performs second-order Taylor expansion on the loss function.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Associations between Medical Expenditure, Perceived Medical Attitude, and Sociodemographics, and Older Adults’ Self-Rated Health in China: Applying the Extreme Gradient Boosting Model

2021

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Background: although China’s total health expenditure has been dramatically increased so that the country can cope with its aging population, inequalities among individuals in terms of their medical expenditures (relative to their income level) have exacerbated health problems among older adults. This study aims to examine the nonlinear associations between each of medical expenditure, perceived medical attitude, and sociodemographics, and older adults’ self-rated health (SRH); it does so by using data from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies survey. Method: we used the extreme gradient boosting model to explore the nonlinear association between various factors and older adults’ SRH outcomes. We then conducted partial dependence plots to examine the threshold effects of each factor on older adults’ SRH. Results: older adults’ medical expenditure exceeded their overall income. Body mass index (BMI) and personal health expenditure play an essential role in predicting older adults’ SRH outcomes. We found older adult age, physical exercise status, and residential location to be robust predictors of SRH outcomes in older adults. Partial dependence plots of the results visualized the nonlinear association between variables and the threshold effects of factors on older adults’ SRH outcomes. Conclusions: findings from this study underscore the importance of medical expenditure, perceived medical attitudes, and BMI as important predictors of health benefits in older adults. The potential threshold effects of medical expenditure on older adults’ SRH outcomes provide a better understanding of the formation of appropriate medical policy interventions by balancing the government and personal medical expenditure to promote health benefits among older adults.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Associations between Medical Expenditure, Perceived Medical Attitude, and Sociodemographics, and Older Adults’ Self-Rated Health in China: Applying the Extreme Gradient Boosting Model

2021

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“…The calculation method of the disaggregate model comprises examining the link between the built environment and behavioral intentions, with the individual or household as the basic research unit. For example, scholars use discrete choice models to explore the links between built environment elements, such as facility density and land use, and the investigator and people’s behavioral intentions from an individual or household perspective [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Subjective and Objective Factors on Bus Travel Intention

Chen

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2022

Behavioral Sciences

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Given the lack of quantitative descriptions on the interaction between psychological factors and the built environment in existing urban bus travel behavior, this study examines the simultaneous influences of the objective-built environment and subjective psychological factors on bus travel intentions. An empirical study on the influence path of bus travel intention was conducted using structural equation modeling. Then, personal attribute factors were introduced, and a linear regression model was used to explore the influence of behavioral intentions. This study uses 410 investigated samples from the residents in Zhengzhou, China. The findings proved that psychological factors play mediating roles between the travel environment and its impact on travel behaviors and confirms the validity of the description of the measurement variable with respect to the bus travel intentions proposed in the study. We also found that the retirement factor among the personal attribute factors could significantly affect bus travel intentions, which means that the retired group prefers to use buses for traveling. This study shows innovations in catching the intermediary effect of psychological factors between the built environment and travel behavior while also quantifying the effects of both subjective and objective factors when choosing bus travel.

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“…Another Chinese study also explored the nonlinear effect between the built and social environments and bus use among the older adults. 35 The utility of multiple machine learning algorithms provides a preliminary sketch of the labyrinthine relationship between urban land use and depression symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposome approaches to assessing the association between urban land use environment and depressive symptoms in young adulthood: a FinnTwin12 cohort study

Wang

Whipp

Heinonen-Guzejev

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Depressive symptoms lead to a serious public health burden and are considerably affected by the environment. Land use, describing the urban living environment, has an impact on mental health, but complex relationship assessment is rare. Objectives: We aimed to examine the complicated association between urban land use and depressive symptoms among young adults with differential land use environments, by applying multiple models, as an exposome study. Methods: We included 1804 individual twins from the FinnTwin12 cohort, living in urban areas in 2012. There were 8 types of land use exposures in 3 buffer radii. The depressive symptoms were assessed through General Behavior Inventory (GBI) in young adulthood (mean age: 24.1). First, K-means clustering was performed to distinguish participants with differential land use environments. Then, linear elastic net penalized regression and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were used to reduce dimensions or prioritize for importance and examine the linear and nonlinear relationships. Results: Two clusters were identified with notable differences in the percentage of high-density residential, low-density residential, and natural land use. One is more typical of city centers, and another of suburban areas. A heterogeneous pattern in results was detected from the linear elastic net penalized regression model among the overall sample and the two separated clusters. Agricultural residential land use in a 100 m buffer contributed to GBI most (coefficient: 0.097) in the "suburban" cluster among 11 selected exposures. In the "city center" cluster, none of the land use exposures was associated with GBI. From the XGBoost models, we observed that ranks of the importance of land use exposures on GBI and their nonlinear relationships are also heterogeneous in the two clusters. Discussion: As a hypothesis-generating study, we found heterogeneous linear and nonlinear relationships between urban land use environment and depressive symptoms under different contexts in pluralistic exposome analyses.

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Non-Linear Effects of the Built Environment and Social Environment on Bus Use among Older Adults in China: An Application of the XGBoost Model

Cited by 28 publications

References 82 publications

Nonlinear Associations between Medical Expenditure, Perceived Medical Attitude, and Sociodemographics, and Older Adults’ Self-Rated Health in China: Applying the Extreme Gradient Boosting Model

Nonlinear Associations between Medical Expenditure, Perceived Medical Attitude, and Sociodemographics, and Older Adults’ Self-Rated Health in China: Applying the Extreme Gradient Boosting Model

Impact of Subjective and Objective Factors on Bus Travel Intention

Exposome approaches to assessing the association between urban land use environment and depressive symptoms in young adulthood: a FinnTwin12 cohort study

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