Non-linear Wave Propagation and Safety Standards for Diagnostic Ultrasound Devices

Towards ultrasound wearable technology for cardiovascular monitoring: from device development to clinical validation

“…The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60601-2-37 standard indicates a maximum temperature of 43°C or a temperature rise of 10°C when the probe is in contact with the skin [39,40]. IEC 62359 regulates acoustic output exposure parameters, setting limits such as in situ spatial peak intensity lower than 720 mW/cm², the spatial pulse peak average intensity lower than 190 mW/cm² and the mechanical index and thermal index lower than 1.9 and 6.0, respectively [41][42][43]. The standard also outlines the methods to measure the exposure parameters, where a hydrophone is used in distilled water since performing these measurements in situ is impractical.…”

Macrophage-red blood cell hybrid membrane-coated ultrasound-responsive microbowls to eliminate pathogens, endotoxins, and heavy metal ions from blood

“…Almost all the erythrocytes retained their biconcave disc shape after ultrasound stimulation, which is within the range of ultrasound frequency (o5 MHz) in clinical settings, which also verified the biosafety of sonication. 47,48 Besides, the movements at an ultrasound frequency of 1.46 MHz were recorded in the simultaneous presence of erythrocytes and RBC-MP-microbowls (Movie S4, ESI †). The RBC-MP-microbowls moved normally in the environment, while no obvious movements of erythrocytes were observed, demonstrating the selective ultrasound propulsion towards RBC-MP-microbowls.…”

A Review Pemanfaatan Teknologi Sonikasi

“…Proses sonikasi diterapkan dalam farmasi, makanan, kosmetik, air, pelapis, tinta, cat, pengerjaan logam, perawatan kayu, pengerjaan logam(37), nanokomposit, pestisida, bahan bakar, produk kayu dan banyak industri lainnya. Sonikasi juga dapat digunakan untuk mempercepat pembubaran, dengan cara memecah interaksi antarmolekul serta menganalisis dinamika molekular dan kinetika reaksi pada pembelahan molekul (38).Ini sangat berguna ketika tidak memungkinkan untuk mengaduk sampel, seperti tabung NMRdan juga dapat digunakan sebagai penyedia energi (39) [19] , 2012-2016 oksidasi [20] 2017-2018 sonochemic al [21] , PCR [22] 2019> langsung (AS) [16] , Depolimerisasi [17] , Degradasi [18] , Tes triple negative praktis tidak termasuk PJI(64).…”