“…5 Despite the marked improvements that have been achieved over the past decades, MFCs are still limited by their relatively lower power density that results from sluggish extracellular electron transfer (EET) between the biolms and anodes and weak biolm adhesion. 6,7 The anode materials used as the medium for electron transfer and the support for biolm attachment are considered key structural parts of MFCs. Generally, the MFC performance is improved if the anode materials possess a high specic surface area, porous structure, good electrical conductivity, and remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward the redox reactions in the biolm.…”