Non-methane exhaust composition in the sydney harbour tunnel: A focus on benzene and 1,3-butadiene

Duffy, Bronwyn L.; Nelson, Peter F.

doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00372-x

Cited by 65 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…He et al (2008) reported a comprehensive characterization of PM 2.5 emissions in the Zhujiang Tunnel in the Pearl River Delta region of China. Duffy et al (1996) and Rogak et al (1998) studied the air quality in the Harbour Tunnel in Sydney and the Cassiar Tunnel in Canada, respectively. They similarly discovered that the main air pollution source in the tunnel was the burning of vehicle engine gasoline or diesel, and that NO and CO was the main air pollutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Traffic Flow Patterns on Air Quality inside the Longest Tunnel in Asia

Ma¹,

Hong²,

Chang

2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The long tunnel is a fixed, semi-closed environment where excessive concentrations of air pollutants are easily accumulated. This can potentially have a serious affect on drivers' health, especially when operating vehicles in the long tunnel for a lengthy period of time. Therefore, studies on pollutant emission characteristics and influential factors of emission in the tunnel are important. In this study, several sampling sites were arranged in the 12.9 km long Hsueh-shan Tunnel, to help understand the piston effect of pollutant emission characteristics and spatial concentration distribution. In order to understand the influential factor of air quality in the long tunnel, several tests were run during a closed period, an open period, a non-rush hour period, and a rush hour period. The results showed that during the closed period, the CO, SO 2 , NO x , and PM 10 concentrations in the Hsueh-shan Tunnel were in the range of: 0.58-0.64 ppm, 0.94-1.08 ppb, 6.33-7.11 ppb, and 45.4-54.3 μg/m 3 , respectively. In contrast, during the open period, the CO, SO 2 , NO x, and PM 10 concentrations reached 12-39 ppm, 20-48 ppb, 1.2-3.1 ppm, and 75-177 μg/m 3 , respectively. In the Hsueh-shan Tunnel, the number of vehicles at rush hour was about 1400 per hour, three times higher than during non-rush hour. The piston effect is very obvious since pollutant concentrations are elevated with increasing distance from the inlet. This study found that the pollutant concentration near the outlet can be three times higher than that near the inlet.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Traffic Flow Patterns on Air Quality inside the Longest Tunnel in Asia

Ma¹,

Hong²,

Chang

2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…For these reasons, another approach of roadway tunnel measurement has been developed and applied to determine vehicular emissions in the past decade (e.g. Pierson et al, 1990;Haszpra and Szilagyi, 1994;Gertler et al, 1996;Duffy and Nelson, 1996;Mugica et al, 1998;Stemmler et al, 2005;Chiang et al, 2007). It directly determines vehicular emission profiles and rates at a complicated on-road condition which mixes with emissions from vehicle tailpipes, unconsumed gasoline, and vehicle evaporative emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a tunnel study in Hong Kong

Lee

et al. 2009

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

147

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Abstract. Vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined at the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong in summer and winter of 2003. One hundred and ten VOCs were quantified in this study. The average concentration of the total measured VOCs at the inlet and outlet of the tunnel were 81 250 pptv and 117 850 pptv, respectively. Among the 110 compounds, ethene, ethyne and toluene were the most abundant species in the tunnel. The total measured VOC emission factors ranged from 67 mg veh −1 km −1 to 148 mg veh −1 km −1 , with an average of 115 mg veh −1 km −1 . The five most abundant VOCs observed in the tunnel were, in decreasing order, ethene, toluene, n-butane, propane and i-pentane. These five most abundant species contributed over 38% of the total measured VOCs emitted. The high propane and n-butane emissions were found to be associated with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-fueled taxis. Fair correlations were observed between marker species (ethene, i-pentane, n-nonane, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes -BTEX) with fractions of gasoline-fueled or diesel-fueled vehicles. Moreover, ethene, ethyne, and propene are the key species that were abundant in the tunnel but not in gasoline vapors or LPG. The ozone formation potential from the VOCs in Hong Kong was evaluated by the maximum increment reactivity (MIR). It was found to be 568 mg of ozone Correspondence to: S. C. Lee (ceslee@polyu.edu.hk) per vehicle per kilometer traveled. Among them, ethene, propene and toluene contribute most to the ozone-formation reactivity.

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“…[10][11][12][13][14][15] Work has also recently been done in traffic tunnels to obtain the hydrocarbon speciation of vehicle emissions. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Kaohsiung, in the south, is the second largest city in Taiwan with an area of 153.6 km 2 and a population of 1.49 million. Furthermore, about half of Taiwan's middle and heavy industries are located either in or around the city, including the petroleum, refinery, chemical, plastic, steel-making, and power-generation industries, such that the air quality in the Kaohsiung metropolitan area and in its two neighboring counties (Kaohsiung County and Ping-Tong County) has long been the worst on the island.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Profiles and Ozone Formation Potentials of Volatile Organic Compounds in Three Traffic Tunnels in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Chen

Lai

2003

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Non-methane exhaust composition in the sydney harbour tunnel: A focus on benzene and 1,3-butadiene

Cited by 65 publications

References 19 publications

Influence of Traffic Flow Patterns on Air Quality inside the Longest Tunnel in Asia

Influence of Traffic Flow Patterns on Air Quality inside the Longest Tunnel in Asia

Vehicular emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a tunnel study in Hong Kong

Source Profiles and Ozone Formation Potentials of Volatile Organic Compounds in Three Traffic Tunnels in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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