Non-noble metal anode based dual-ion batteries: promising high-energy and low-cost energy storage devices

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most commonly used electrochemical energy storage devices, have dominated today's markets for portable electronics and electric vehicles [1]. However, their energy density cannot yet satisfy the increasing requirement, so it is imperative for developing next-generation batteries with high energy density together with long cycling life and good safety.In recent years, a novel type of battery called as dual-ion battery (DIB) has been received special attention owing to its wider voltage window, lower cost, and better safety compared with conventional LIB [2]. In a typical DIB, graphite is utilized as both the cathode and anode materials due to its intrinsic redox amphotericity, while lithium salts dissolved in organic electrolyte or ionic liquid are adopted as the electrolyte. During the charging process, anions and cations intercalate into the graphite cathode and graphite anode respectively, as the discharging process works reversely. Owing to the high operating potentials for the anion intercalation into graphite, the cut-off voltage of DIBs (4.5-5.2 V) is considerably higher than conventional LIBs (below 4.2 V) [3], which is beneficial for increasing the energy density. However, the cycling stability of most reported DIBs is still unsatisfactory owing to the poor electrochemical stability of organic electrolyte under high voltage.Recently, Prof. Yongbing Tang and co-workers from Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed a novel and low-cost aluminum-graphite DIB (AGDIB) [4], using environmentally-friendly and low-cost aluminum foil as both the anode and current collector, graphite as the cathode material, and a specially designed LiPF6-contained carbonate as the electrolyte. The working mechanism is demonstrated to be as follows: upon charging, PF6 − anions in the electrolyte intercalate into the graphite cathode, while the Li + cations deposit onto the aluminum anode to form an AlLi alloy. Impressively, the AGDIB was demonstrated to deliver a reversible capacity of 104 mA h g −1 (based on the mass of graphite) at 2 C (1 C = 100 mA g −1 ) current rate, and a capacity retention of 88% after 200 cycles. As the Al foil acted as both the negative current collector and the negative active material, the AGDIB showed significantly reduced dead load and dead volume. Consequently, the AGDIB exhibited high packaged energy density of~220 W h kg −1 at a power density of~130 W kg −1 , and~150 W h kg −1 at~1200 W kg −1 , which were~50% higher than most commercial LIBs. While the AGDIB achieved high packaged energy density and high power density, the cycling stability was still needed to be improved because of the poor electrochemical stability of organic electrolyte under high voltage as well as the crack and pulverization problem of Al foil during cycling.To solve this issue, Tang's group further utilized ionic liquid electrolyte to improve the cycling stability of the Al-graphite DIB [5]. Owing to the merits of negligible vapor pressure, n...

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