Non-occupational exposure of Malay women in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to cadmium and lead

Abstract

Peripheral blood and 24-h total food duplicate samples were obtained from 49 adult Malay women in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in July, 1995. Samples of boiled and uncooked (raw) rice were also collected from the subjects. The blood samples, homogenates of each food duplicates and rice samples (both cooked and raw) were digested by heating in the presence of mineral acids, and the digests were subjected to analysis for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) with a system composed of a fully automated liquid sampler, a graphiie furnace atomic absorption spectrometer and a data processor. The geometric mean metal concentrations in blood were 0.71 ng Cd per ml and 45.6 ng Pb per ml, and the dietary metal intakes were 7.31 μg Cd per day and 10.1 μg Pb per day. The metal intake via rice accounted for 53% and 13% of total dietary intake of cadmium and lead, respectively. When the absorption from the air and foods was compared, the cadmium burden came almost exclusively from foods, whereas the lead burden came both from air (44%) and foods (56%).

Cadmium exposure of women in general populations in Japan during 1991–1997 compared with 1977–1981

“…Similar calculation in the Kakehashi River basin and Kosaka gave 28% and 13%, respectively, indicating a shift of the major Cd source from rice to other foods. Japan (1981Japan ( , 1997 b An absorption rate of 7.5% in the digestive tract was assumed for the ingestion, and a respiration volume of 15 m 3 /day and an absorption rate in the lungs of 50% were assumed for the inhalation (Ikeda 1992) c Combination of exposures via ingestion and via inhalation Table 8 compares Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr in the present study with the values for other Asian cities Moon et al 1996Moon et al , 1998Zhang et al 1997bZhang et al , 1998Zhang et al , 1999, where people also depend heavily on rice for the energy of daily life. It should be noted that these studies, including the present one, were carried out under the same protocol and that the analysis was done in a single laboratory under the same analytical conditions (Zhang et al 1997a).…”

Exposure of women in general populations to lead via food and air in East and Southeast Asia

“…Some reports presented the results in terms of arithmetic mean and arithmetic standard deviation; the GM values were estimated in such cases by means of the moment method [Sugita and Tsuchiya, 1995]. Furthermore, some are the results of meta-analysis [e.g., Taylor et al, 1997] or based on a mass survey to obtain a nation-wide estimation of the ranges [e.g., Pellizzari et al, 1995], whereas others are products of a single survey of a limited number of the population [e.g., Moon et al, 1996;Jakubowski et al, 1996]. Over-all, Pb-B values for Europe distribute in a range of 23 [Lagerkvist et al, 1993] to 102 mg/L [Taylor et al, 1997], whereas U.S. values range from 31 [Pirkle et al, 1994] to 230 mg/L [Schwartz, 1994].…”

Isotopic ratio based source apportionment of children's blood lead around coking plant area

“…Source identification of lead pollution in various media was sometimes conducted based on a quadrupole ICP-MS (Díaz-Somoano et al, 2009;Liang et al, 2010;Oulhote et al, 2011 Pb/ 206 Pb in this study. Before measurement, a set of SRM 981 isotope ratio standard solutions (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA) with a concentration range of 0-50 μg L −1 were measured to determine the mass bias correction factors (Søndergaard et al, 2010) and normalize the isotope ratios of all samples (Moon et al, 1996). A 20 μg L −1 of solution spiked with the enriched isotope 207 Pb (National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China) with reference values was measured as a real sample subjected to lead isotope ratio measurement and to obtain the final mass bias correction factors.…”