Non-Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Experimental Approaches and Analytical Techniques (from 2019)

Abstract

Background: Pesticide residues are a threat to the health of the global population, not only to farmers, applicators, and other pesticide professionals. Humans are exposed through various routes such as food, skin, and inhalation. This study summarizes the different methods to assess and/or estimate human exposure to pesticide residues of the global population. Methods: A systematic search was carried out on Scopus and web of science databases of studies on human exposure to pesticide residues since 2019. Results: The methods to estimate human health risk can be categorized as direct (determining the exposure through specific biomarkers in human matrices) or indirect (determining the levels in the environment and food and estimating the occurrence). The role that analytical techniques play was analyzed. In both cases, the application of generic solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, followed by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, is decisive. Advances within the analytical techniques have played an unquestionable role. Conclusions: All these studies have contributed to an important advance in the knowledge of analytical techniques for the detection of pesticide levels and the subsequent assessment of nonoccupational human exposure.

Development of Analytical Methods to Analyze Pesticide Residues

“…Another interesting review by Vera-Herrera et al [ 15 ] collects the different methods to assess and/or estimate human exposure to pesticide residues. They can be direct methods by determining the exposure through specific biomarkers in human matrices or indirect methods by estimating the occurrence and subsequent levels in the environment and food matrixes.…”

Subjective well-being, happiness, and environmental health factors related to women planning a pregnancy or pregnant, using mobile health intervention

“…Non-occupational exposure to pesticides accounts for severe morbidities and mortality rates due to their frequency of usage and persistence in the environment. 69 Exposure to pesticides in the yard or residence was reported at 30%. Exposure to pesticides is associated with urogenital malformations and other alterations by hormonal disruption.…”

How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted wastewater-based epidemiology?

“…The content of these documents included classical investigations about disease-causing organisms (e.g., Faleye et al, 2021 ; Lizasoain et al, 2021 ; Ahmed et al, 2021 ), illicit drug use (e.g., Bijlsma et al, 2021 ; Bade et al, 2021 ; Asicioglu et al, 2021 ) and pharmaceutical substances (e.g., Escolà Casas et al, 2021 ; Bodík et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2021 ). Investigations extended diversity to address antimicrobial-resistant bacteria ( Spänig et al, 2021 ; Kumar et al, 2021a , Kumar et al, 2021b ; Gumede et al, 2021 ), disease biomarker proteins ( Mohapatra et al, 2021 ), pesticide exposure ( Rousis et al, 2021 ; Vera-Herrera et al, 2021 ) and plasticizers ( Estévez-Danta et al, 2021a , Estévez-Danta et al, 2021b ), and consumption of sweeteners ( Li et al, 2021a , Li et al, 2021b ). Of these reports, 80 % dealt with disease-causing organisms identified in sewage ( Table 1 ) and 66 % with SARS-CoV-2 RNA (e.g., Hillary et al, 2021 ; Agrawal et al, 2021 ; Mota et al, 2021 ).…”