“…In a previous study by Zhao et al.,
29 the multibody failure criterion based on the modified Mohr–Coulomb model was implemented into 4D‐LSM to address the low ratio of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) to uniaxial tensile strength (UTS) encountered in the conventional DEM, which is an important indicator for rock‐like materials. In this criterion, the multibody stress state was determined by the introduction of fiber stress, whose validity was demonstrated by Zhao et al
32 . in the DLSM, and the formula takes the form of:
where
and
are the stress tensor and the representative volume of particle I ,
,
, and l 0 are the total bond force, normal unit vector, and initial spring length among particle I and its neighbor particles, respectively.…”