Non-resilient behavior of offshore wind farms due to cyber-physical attacks

Abstract

The share of wind power generation is steadily increasing and it reached 20.4% of Germany's power supply in 2018. Thus wind power is becoming a critical infrastructure with major contributions to power supply and power system grid stability. Consequently a resilient operation of offshore wind farms (OWFs) is required under normal and disturbed conditions. Resilience stands for the ability of a complex system to proactively and reactively maintain its functionality and performance despite failures or manipulations. A functional model describes the technical behavior of engineered, cyber-physical systems in relation to the intended task or results of the system. It is a representation of the operation, functionality and performance of the system, e.g. in the form of a block diagram. The block diagram consists of components performing, according to their technical characteristics, specified functions on the inputs. Applied to the OWF the components can be grouped into several layers representing the main functional processes. Within this paper we consider the threat of system failures triggered through cyber-physical attacks, based on the vulnerability of the OWFs to such attacks as documented in the literature. Most of the main functional processes can be manipulated maliciously. The functional model is used to discuss the impacts of different scenarios of cyber-physical attacks and their resulting cascade effects, which may cause a non-resilient behavior of the OFW. Crucial parameters and signals can be manipulated maliciously. Limit thresholds can be exceeded by far even under normal environmental and power grid conditions. Excessive mechanical stresses, electrical and thermal loads can be realized, leading to extreme damage or even destruction of components/subsystems without the possibility of reactive intervention or timely recovery. We propose measures on component and functional level for closing the mentioned security gaps to ensure the resilience of the OWF.

An Expert-Driven Probabilistic Assessment of the Safety and Security of Offshore Wind Farms

“…Offshore wind farms (OWFs) are complex cyber-physical systems, with the following principal elements: Wind turbines, offshore substations (OSS), control and operation centers, and power and communication cables. Furthermore, OWFs can be characterized by the interaction of several interdependent abstraction layers-energy conversion, physical structures, automated control and protection, maintenance (O&M), and IT communication [22][23][24]. Between these individual layers, several types of flow exist, e.g., energy, data and information, people, and components.…”

Influence of The Personnel Availability on Offshore Wind Farm Maintenance

“…These models describe the technical behavior of the system in relation to its intended task or result. Such a generic OWF model was presented in Kulev et al (2019). Accordingly, in this paper we investigate the influence of the change of the maintenance process (flows), due to the reduced personnel availability, on the energy provision process (flow) as a consequence of the interaction.…”

Validation of copula-based weather generator for maintenance model of offshore wind farm

“…Contemporary advances in offshore wind industry face a number of issues. Starting with physical challenges like new, enlarged generators (Zhang and Zhang 2011, Jlassi et al 2021), innovative energy conversion methods (i.e., Power-to-X Haendel and Elsland 2018;Habibifar, et al 2021)), or new construction materials-ending on virtual problems connected with cyber-security (Kulev, et al 2020) and digital twin approach Nejad 2022, Moghadam et al 2021). One additional aspect is especially important in the case of offshore wind farms (OWFs)-weather conditions.…”