“…A considerable amount of work has been done on the conductivity of RE doped ceria. The electrical conductivity of ceria has been extensively investigated with respect to different ions (Ca 2+ , Y 3+ , La 3+ , Gd 3+ , Sc 3+ , Sr 2+ , Sm 3+ ) [16][17][18] and substituent concentration [19][20][21][22][23]. An increase in the mol% of substituent rare earth tends to form a second phase due to the solubility limit and this reduces the conductivity [24].…”