Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts

Nock, Matthew K.; Joiner, Thomas E.; Gordon, Kathryn H.; Lloyd-Richardson, Elizabeth E.; Prinstein, Mitchell J.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010

Cited by 1,268 publications

(1,289 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This idea is consistent with the critical and invalidating environments proposed to be associated with some forms of psychopathology (e.g., Hooley, 2007;Linehan, 1993) and also with recent findings on the family environment of those engaging in NSSI (Wedig & Nock, 2007). Finally, those engaging in NSSI are more likely than those who do not to have psychiatric disorders characterized by behaviors such as yelling (e.g., oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder) as well as heightened emotion reactivity and crying (e.g., major depression, borderline personality disorder) (Nock, Joiner, Gordon, Lloyd-Richardson, & Prinstein, 2006;Nock et al, in press). …”

Section: Idioms Of Distressmentioning

confidence: 52%

Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors

Nock

2008

Applied and Preventive Psychology

217

232

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The question of why some people do things that are intentionally harmful to themselves continues to puzzle scientists, clinicians, and the public. Prior studies have demonstrated that one fairly extreme, direct form of self-harm, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), is maintained by both automatic (i.e., intrapersonal) as well as social (i.e., interpersonal) reinforcement. However, the majority of theoretical and empirical papers on this topic focus almost exclusively on the automatic functions. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the social functions of NSSI. Evidence is presented supporting the notion that NSSI is maintained by social reinforcement in at least a substantial minority of instances. Moreover, an elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of NSSI is outlined that proposes that this behavior represents a high intensity social signal used when less intense communication strategies fail (e.g., speaking, yelling, crying). The model further proposes that NSSI can serve not only as a signal of distress that is reinforced primarily by the caregiving behavior it elicits from others, but that it also can serve as a signal of strength and fitness that is reinforced by warding off potential threats (e.g., peer victimization), and in some cases can strengthen affiliation with others. Support for this theoretical model is drawn from diverse literatures including psychology, evolutionary biology, and cultural anthropology. The paper concludes with specific recommendations for empirical tests of the proposed model of the social functions of NSSI, as well as other harmful behaviors such as alcohol and drug use.

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Section: Idioms Of Distressmentioning

confidence: 52%

Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors

Nock

2008

Applied and Preventive Psychology

217

232

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“…Self-injurious and suicidal behaviors, however, reported not only strong similarities but also very small differences. Research has indicated that a large number of self-injurers admit that they have also been suicidal (Firestone & Seiden, 1990;Klonsky & Muehlenkamp, 2007;Muehlenkamp & Gutierrez, 2004;Nock et al, 2006). Despite the similarities, research has also revealed obvious differences between the two types of behavior in terms of embodiment, traits, and willingness (Klonsky & Muehlenkamp, 2007;Messer & Fremouw, 2008;Muehlenkamp, 2005).…”

Section: Research-article2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

Boy Crisis? Sex Differences in Self-Injurious Behaviors and the Effects of Gender Role Conflicts Among College Students in China

2016

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In Western research, self-injurious behaviors are commonly viewed as "feminine" behavior. In this present study, using the data from a survey administered to 960 first-and second-year students in Xi'an Jiaotong University in China, the self-injurious behaviors among college students are analyzed by sex. The results reported that the average prevalence of self-injurious behaviors among male students is 35.2%, higher than the 20.4% observed among female students (p < .1), and the average frequency of severe self-injurious behaviors among male students is 0.4, higher than the 0.18 reported among female students (p < .05). Gender role conflicts and verbal violence are strongly associated with male students' self-injurious behaviors, whereas gender role conflicts and verbal, visual, and sexual violence are strongly associated with female students' self-injurious behaviors. This suggests that self-injurious behaviors among college students in China constitute, to some extent, a boy crisis that can be well explained by gender role conflicts. In addition, verbal violence leads to self-injurious behaviors among both male and female students, whereas visual and sexual violence lead to self-injurious behaviors only among female students.

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“…According Nock (2009), adolescents may exhibit NSSI to cope with elevated levels of general psychological distress, conceptualized as a wide variety of psychological symptoms (Jacobson, Muehlenkamp, Miller, & Turner, 2008;Nock, Joiner, Gordon, Lloyd-Richardson, & Prinstein, 2006) including both elevated rates of internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression; e.g., Andover, Pepper, Ryabchencko, Orrico, & Gibb, 2005) and externalizing symptoms (e.g., conduct behavioral problems; e.g., Baetens, Claes, Muehlenkamp, Grietens, & Onghena, 2012;Brunner, Parzer, Haffner, Steen, & Roos, 2007). In line with Baetens et al (2012) and Klonsky and Olino (2008), it has been suggested that NSSI in community adolescents is a reflection of a general psychological distress and is not always accompanied by a diagnosable psychopathological condition.…”

Section: Intrapersonal Correlates Of Nssimentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐suicidal self‐injury in adolescence: A longitudinal study of the relationship between NSSI, psychological distress and perceived parenting

Baetens

Claes

Onghena

et al. 2014

Journal of Adolescence

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Objective: The present study investigates whether either adolescents' psychological distress and/or perceived parenting predicted the occurrence of NSSI. Furthermore, the consequences of NSSI are examined in a three-wave longitudinal study. Design: The sample at time 1 (age 12) consisted of 1396 adolescent reports and 1438 parent reports. At time 2 (age 13), 827 adolescent reports and 936 parent reports were obtained. Time 3 (age 14) included 754 adolescent reports and 790 parent reports.Psychological distress of adolescents was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.Perceived parenting behaviors were examined by the Parental Behavior Scale and the Psychological Control Scale. Results: A total of 10% of the adolescents engaged in NSSI at least once before age 15.Higher psychological distress of adolescents at time 1 was associated with the presence of NSSI at time 2 or 3. The association between psychological distress at time 1 and perception of decreased parental rule setting at time 3 was mediated by the presence of NSSI at time 2. Conclusions: The present study showed that psychological distress at age 12 predicts NSSI over time and that parental awareness of NSSI changes the perception of parenting behaviors. Keywords:Non-suicidal self-injury, adolescence, psychological distress, parenting, longitudinal. According to the dominant theories (e.g., Nock, 2009), NSSI is related to both (1) adolescent (intrapersonal) and (2) caregivers (interpersonal) factors which shape and maintain NSSI. Several intrapersonal correlates (most importantly emotion regulation and psychological distress) are hypothesized to be interwoven with interpersonal correlates (e.g., parenting, attachment, peer influences). With regard to caregivers characteristics, parenting behaviors may play an important role in both onset of NSSI (e.g., modulating physiological arousal/regulation, invalidating emotions, stressful life events such as abuse) and in maintaining NSSI (e.g., controlling behavior of parents). Although both intrapersonal and interpersonal correlates are hypothesized as exerting influences on onset of and maintaining NSSI, until now no longitudinal studies have examined these hypotheses. Furthermore, current dominant theoretical model (e.g., Nock) lack insight into consequences of NSSI over time. This large-scale, three-wave longitudinal study examined (1) the interaction between intrapersonal and interpersonal vulnerability factors for the NSSI, and (2) the consequences of NSSI over time. The present study focuses on the interplay between psychological distress as a potential intrapersonal correlate of NSSI (i.e., levels of internalizing and externalizing Running title: Longitudinal study of NSSI

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Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts

Cited by 1,268 publications

References 31 publications

Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors

Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors

Boy Crisis? Sex Differences in Self-Injurious Behaviors and the Effects of Gender Role Conflicts Among College Students in China

Non‐suicidal self‐injury in adolescence: A longitudinal study of the relationship between NSSI, psychological distress and perceived parenting

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