Non-targeted volatile profiles for the classification of the botanical origin of Chinese honey by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics

Abstract

A potential method for the discrimination and prediction of honey samples of various botanical origins was developed based on the non-targeted volatile profiles obtained by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics. The blind analysis of non-targeted volatile profiles was carried out using solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for 87 authentic honey samples from four botanical origins (acacia, linden, vitex, and rape). The number of variables was reduced from 2734 to 70 by using a series of filters. Based on the optimized 70 variables, 79.12% of the variance was explained by the first four principal components. Partial least squares discriminant analysis, naïve Bayes analysis, and back-propagation artificial neural network were used to develop the classification and prediction models. The 100% accuracy revealed a perfect classification of the botanical origins. In addition, the reliability and practicability of the models were validated by an independent set of additional 20 authentic honey samples. All 20 samples were accurately classified. The confidence measures indicated that the performance of the naïve Bayes model was better than the other two models. Finally, the characteristic volatile compounds of linden honey were tentatively identified. The proposed method is reliable and accurate for the classification of honey of various botanical origins.

Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatile components in Chinese honey of six botanical origins using headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…In addition, thymol, trans-rose oxide, rose oxide and menthofuran were found uniquely in linden honey. In line with the published reports, 14,31 they were considered as characteristic volatile compounds for linden honey.…”

“…Benzaldehyde dimer and phenylacetaldehyde dimer are characteristic compounds of winter honey, and phenylethyl acetate dimer is a marker of sapium honey by Wang et al 12 . 2‐Methyl ethyl butyrate and 3‐methyl valeric acid were identified as unique compounds of agastache honey, 13 and pulegone, thymol, and six other volatile compounds were identified as potential markers of linden honey 14 …”

“…Benzaldehyde dimer and phenylacetaldehyde dimer are characteristic compounds of winter honey, and phenylethyl acetate dimer is a marker of sapium honey by Wang et al 12 2-Methyl ethyl butyrate and 3-methyl valeric acid were identified as unique compounds of agastache honey, 13 and pulegone, thymol, and six other volatile compounds were identified as potential markers of linden honey. 14 The most commonly used techniques for the detection of volatile compounds in honey are gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with different sample extraction methods involving liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), 15 simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE), 16 dynamic headspace also known as purge and trap (DHS), 17 ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE), 18 solidphase extraction (SPE), 19 and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). [20][21][22] Among them, the SPME method has been validated to be fast, simple, inexpensive, highly sensitive, and solventfree.…”

Classification of Colombian honeys by electronic nose and physical-chemical parameters, using neural networks and genetic algorithms

“…Aun así, el análisis de compuestos volátiles se considera una propuesta moderna y alternativa para ser usada en los procesos de autenticación y clasificación de la miel. Estudios recientes en los que se ha empleado el análisis de compuestos volátiles fueron exitosos en la clasificación de mieles de diferentes fuentes florales y geográficas (Chen et al, 2017;Siti Nurhidayah et al, 2020) usando los resultados obtenidos de los perfiles de compuestos volátiles y el análisis quimiométrico.…”

Evaluating the metabolic perturbations in Mangifera indica (mango) ripened with various ripening agents/practices through gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometry based metabolomics

“…GC–MS is arguably the well suited and popular analytical platform for metabolomics studies as it can separate the peaks with greater resolution and precision due to the use of capillary columns . In recent times, GC–MS based metabolomics was adopted to determine fruit metabolic profiling during development and maturation in strawberry, peach and a comparative study on fruit quality in certain fruits like mango, jackfruit, baobab, pineapple, and tamarind for the benefit of consumer's health.…”