2023
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020235
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Non-Toxin-Based Clostridioides difficile Vaccination Approaches

Abstract: Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that infects mainly hospitalized and elderly people who have been treated with long-term antibiotic therapy leading to dysbiosis. The deteriorating demographic structure and the increase in the number of antibiotics used indicate that the problem of CD infections (CDI) will continue to increase. Thus far, there is no vaccine against CD on the market. Unfortunately, clinical trials conducted using the CD toxin-based antigens did not show suff… Show more

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Cited by 10 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…Ultimately, an effective vaccine would be the most effective way of preventing CDI-associated morbidity and mortality. No FDA-approved C. difficile vaccine currently exists; however, clinical trials and research into the development of an effective vaccine against CDI are ongoing [ 125 , 126 , 127 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ultimately, an effective vaccine would be the most effective way of preventing CDI-associated morbidity and mortality. No FDA-approved C. difficile vaccine currently exists; however, clinical trials and research into the development of an effective vaccine against CDI are ongoing [ 125 , 126 , 127 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The strategies against CDI adopted so far have shown notable limitations and can be summarized as follows: (a) new, more specific drugs that have less impact on the host's microbiota, (b) effective vaccines directed towards Tcds, and (c) faecal transplant [43][44][45][46][47][48].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although effective at reducing the incidence of recurrence, there is a distinct lack of preventive options. C. difficile vaccines to prevent primary CDI would offer a huge economic benefit; however, vaccine candidates are currently limited [ 46 , 47 ] and the failure of a bivalent C. difficile toxoid vaccine [ 48 ] and the vaccine candidate VLA84 [ 47 ] on hold after phase 2 trials further compounds this [ 49 ].…”
Section: Increasing Patient Immunitymentioning
confidence: 99%