Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health

Abstract

Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil

“…in the environment [6,9]. Many countries are concerned with regard to the spread and persistence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella, and these strains have been reported in pigs, slaughterhouses, and the final products as well as in clinical samples [10][11][12][13][14]. The use of antibiotics in different steps of pig production can contribute to the spread of Salmonella resistant strains [10].…”

Pig as a reservoir of CRISPR type TST4 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant during 2009–2017 in China

“…Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens causing food-borne gastroenteritis across the world [1,2] Human infections with Salmonella Typhimurium are typically associated with contaminated food of animal origin [3]. Recently, a Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (Salmonella 4, [5],12:i:-) has been increasingly isolated from husbandry animals, foods, and humans [4]. Among the common serovars associated with human salmonellosis cases in Europe, the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium has ranked third after Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in 2017 [5].…”

Tolerance to arsenic contaminant among multidrug‐resistant and copper‐tolerant Salmonella successful clones is associated with diverse ars operons and genetic contexts

“…In the last few years, it has been mainly associated with the expansion of particular successful clones, frequently multidrugresistant (MDR), including to clinically relevant antibiotics (e.g. colistin, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins) (Mourão et al, 2014(Mourão et al, , 2015(Mourão et al, , 2016Antunes et al, 2016;Campos et al, 2016a,b;Campos et al, 2019). The extensive use of antibiotics in food-animal production has been pointing out among the factors responsible for the selection and expansion of such clones (Poole, 2017).…”