Non-vacuum electron-beam carburizing and surface hardening of mild steel

Батаев, И. А.; Голковский, М. Г.; Losinskaya, Anna; Батаев, А. А.; Popelyukh, A. I.; Hassel, Thomas; Golovin, Dmitriy

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.09.137

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The peaks of the cementite were weak because of a large cementite plate and short time of plasma treatment. This is in good agreement with previously published results [13]. The amount of cementite, (55%), reached maximal value in the first zone and gradually decreased with increasing distance from the surface.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

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Surface Saturation with Carbon Using Plasma Arc and Graphite Coating

Vu¹,

Balanovskiy²,

Doan³

et al. 2021

Tribol. Ind.

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This study presents the development of a novel equipment for carburizing, by means of a plasma arc and a graphite paste based on liquid glass. After processing by this method, the microstructure and microhardness of the hardened layer were studied. The assay revealed that during a brief plasma exposure, the surface layer was saturated with carbon to a concentration level, which corresponds to white cast iron. The microstructures and characteristics of the metal surface post plasma cementation were also studied. The main parameters of the cemented layer were determined: the depth of the cemented layer was 150-200 μm, microhardness was up to 1000 HV0.2.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…8 depicts the surface hardened layer, which consists of the carburized layer (CL), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal (BM). After etching in the Nital reagent, the carburized layers have a 'bright' appearance under an optical microscope [13]. As can be clearly seen in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Surface Saturation with Carbon Using Plasma Arc and Graphite Coating

Vu¹,

Balanovskiy²,

Doan³

et al. 2021

Tribol. Ind.

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“…Among them, carburizing on the surface of mild steel to optimize its comprehensive properties is a simple and effective technology. [128,129] The traditional carburization of steel is carried out in a molten cyanide bath, resulting in the generation of various toxic wastes. [130] It is a feasible method to use CO 2 gas as carbon source for electro-carburization of mild steel in molten salts containing carbonate.…”

Section: Solid Metal Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolysis Synthesis of Carbides and Carbon Dioxide Capture in Molten Salts

Ren

Shao-long

et al. 2023

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“…With regard to the experience and findings on the lifetime of die casting dies and the results obtained by other scientists on H11 surface modifications, approaches to surface heat treatment are being investigated which can be achieved by means of electron beams (EB) [29,30].…”

Section: Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Near-Surface Layer Heat Treatment of Die Casting Dies by Means of Electron-Beam Technology

Schuchardt

Müller

Dilger

2021

Metals

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Increasing the service life of die casting dies is an important goal of the foundry industry. Approaches are either material- or process-related. Despite new material concepts, hot work steels such as H11 are still predominantly used in the uncoated condition for die casting dies. In order to withstand the stresses that occur, this steel is used exclusively in the quenched and tempered condition. Required properties such as high high-temperature strength and high hardness combined with high toughness are, in principle, contradictory and can only be adjusted consistently over the entire die by furnace-based heat treatment. However, the results of various investigations have shown that improvements in the thermal shock resistance and wear resistance of hot work tool steels can be achieved by thermally influencing the microstructure near the surface. Based on these studies and related findings, an approach to surface heat treatment using the electron beam was developed. Due to the particle character of the radiation and the associated possibility of high-frequency beam deflection, the electron beam offers significantly greater flexibility in energy input into the workpiece surface compared with lasers or induction. The overall technological concept envisages replacing furnace-based heat treatment in the production of casting dies by localized and demand-oriented boundary layer heat treatment with the electron beam. The experiments include, on the one hand, the experimental determination of a suitable temperature–time interval with a focus on short-term austenitization. On the other hand, a simulation-based approach of boundary layer heat treatment with validation of a suitable heat source is investigated. Regarding short-term austenitization, the corresponding temperature and time range could be narrowed down more precisely. Some of these parameter combinations seem to be very suitable for practical use. The test specimens show a hard surface layer with a depth of at least up to 6 mm and a very tough buffer layer. Numerical simulation is used to estimate the resulting metallurgical microstructure and the achievable hardness as a function of the temperature–time interval. In addition, the results provided show the possibility of determining and optimizing the material properties by means of a simulation-based approach within the framework of a purely digital process planning and subsequently transferring them into a process planning. In the technical implementation, a temperature control was first established by means of a two-color pyrometer. In the further course of research, the pyrometer will be supplemented by an internally installed infrared camera, which will allow the reproducible setting of specified temperature profiles even for complex, large-area contours in the future.

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Non-vacuum electron-beam carburizing and surface hardening of mild steel

Cited by 38 publications

References 25 publications

Surface Saturation with Carbon Using Plasma Arc and Graphite Coating

Surface Saturation with Carbon Using Plasma Arc and Graphite Coating

Electrolysis Synthesis of Carbides and Carbon Dioxide Capture in Molten Salts

A Near-Surface Layer Heat Treatment of Die Casting Dies by Means of Electron-Beam Technology

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