Non-White Immigration to Australia

“Behind the white curtain”: Indian students and researchers in Australia, 1901–1950

“…Post-1880s, this was linked with “the growth of the idea of nationhood on the British model” and “the economic development of the continent” (1956, p. 16). In 1901, the WAP was introduced as a legislative and administrative measure to severely restrict non-white immigration (Palfreeman, 1974; Tavan, 2004). During the 1901 debate on the passage of WAP, John Christian Watson, the leader of the Australian Labor Party, expressed his concerns about “the possibility and probability of racial contamination” (1901, p. 4633).…”

“…96–97). According to Palfreeman, this relaxation was inevitable as by now almost 47,000 non-Europeans were living in Australia and through them Australia's trade contact with Asia was growing (1974, p. 345). People in these categories were often allowed to remain in Australia for up to 12 months (in rare cases seven years) with the condition that they must hold a valid passport issued by the government of India.…”

“…The effect of the 1904 reforms was minimal in encouraging Indian students, as the maximum 12-month stay was hardly a good match with university study. The Minister could also cancel a certificate of exemption and declare an immigrant prohibited along with an order of deportation, as we note in our case study of Mool Chand below, if the person violated the conditions of his entry (Palfreeman, 1974, p. 345).…”

The Brain Drain: A Survey of the Literature

“…], Hogan (1991), Svejnar (1991) [both refer to the economic Reforms in the Nations of the ex URSS], Coleman (1993) [about the different demographic characteristic of Eastern Europe, Western Europe and ex URSS] and Oberschall (1996) [he analyse the passage from Socialism to Markets for the China and Unger]. 22 There are the work of Ritterband (1969) [on Israel],the work of Suleiman (1973), which analises the changes on the society due to the BD of Arabs in Palestine and Israel, and the work of Palfreeman (1974) which remarks, in relations to the Australia, the differences between the white migrants and the non-white ones. 23 Regard the role of the International Organizations, there are the works of Cox (1968Cox ( ,1979, Revelle (1968), Sherman (1968), Bell (1971), Keohane & Nye (1974), Pastor (1974) and Meron (1976).…”