Non-woody Biomass as Sources of Nanocellulose Particles: A Review of Extraction Procedures

Abstract

Nanocellulose has been reported to be a very useful biomaterial with applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, built industry, automobile, aerospace and many more. Its advantages over synthetic fibers include renewability, energy efficiency, cost effectiveness, biodegradability and good mechanical and thermal properties. However, the production of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) has focused more on woody plant sources. Non-woody biomass constitutes a large group of plant sources that are yet to be given the proper attention for utilization as raw material for nanocellulose particle production. This group of lignocellulosic biomasses is generally obtained as waste from farming activities, home gardens or office wastes. They are majorly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. However, their composition varies widely from one plant source to another. The variation in their composition results in limitations in the procedures employed in extraction of CNPs and of processing of the extracted CNPs. This means that different biomasses may have different ways by which CNPs are extracted from them. Therefore, this review intends to x-ray these variations, its effect on the structural properties of extracted CNPs and possible ways such limitations can be mitigated.

Comparative study of solid biofuels derived from sugarcane leaves with two different thermochemical conversion methods: wet and dry torrefaction

“…In contrast, the lignin content of sugarcane leaves observed in this study was 6.39% which was lower than wood material (25%) [41]. Other published work supports this conclusion, and there are similar reports for the lignin derived from nonwoody fibers such as banana fiber, soy hull, pineapple leaf, sisal leaf, abaca leaf, and curaua leaf ranged between 4.9 and 7.7% [42]. .00-28.30%, respectively, while the contents in the same order of dry-torrefied samples at the temperature range 225-300 °C were in the ranges of 23.99-48.30, 0.66-36.65, and 8.25-60.18%, respectively.…”

An Innovative Preparation, Characterization, and Optimization of Nanocellulose Fibers (NCF) Using Ultrasonic Waves

“…The yield decreased with time increment than 20 min, therefore, the optimum yield value for obtaining cellulose from NaClO/GNFC was 95% which is higher compared to the cellulose yield of NaOH/GNFC of the previous publications which was 89% of pineapple [ 41 ], 83.40% of blenched fiber [ 42 ], 67.40% for non-woody biomass constitutes [ 34 ], 85.40% for non-woody biomass constitutes, 54.30% for organo-solvent miscanthus pulp (OMP) [ 31 ], and 81.00% and 54.00% from flax fibers and cotton linters [ 29 ]. Moreover, the yield of NaClO/H 2 SO 4 cellulose was 90.00% the yield of the previous investigators which was 82% for non-woody biomass constitutes [ 43 ], ranging between 55 and 60% for bleached kraft pulp of loblolly pinewood [ 44 ], 85.75% for filter paper [ 6 ], 83.60% for native cellulosic feedstock [ 45 ] ( Apendix A ), 84.00% for oil palm ( Elaeisguineensis ) empty fruit bunch [ 46 ], from flax fibers (81.00%) and 54% from flax fibers (81.00%) and cotton linters [ 14 ]. In addition, Figure 3 a,b show that the temperature increment had a higher effect on the yield decrement compared to the reaction time [ 9 ].…”

Reaction Mechanisms Applied to Starch Modification for Biodegradable Plastics: Etherification and Esterification

“…On the other hand, the cellulose present in wood has a structure with lignin and hemicellulose intertwined, and β-glucose is linked in a linear structure with cis-shaped chains connected by high-density hydrogen bonds. Therefore, β-glucose chain is a polymeric material that is difficult to process [8].…”