Nonagricultural Emissions Dominate Urban Atmospheric Amines as Revealed by Mobile Measurements

Chang, Yunhua; Wang, Hongli; Gao, Yaqing; Jing, Shengao; Lu, Yiqun; Lou, Shengrong; Kuang, Yaqiong; Cheng, Kai; Ling, Qingyang; Zhu, Liang; Tan, Wen; Huang, Ru‐Jin

doi:10.1029/2021gl097640

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Recent studies based on nitrogen isotopic ratio (δ 15 N) measurements of gaseous NH 3 and particulate ammonium (NH 4 + ) salt indicate that ambient NH 3 is dominated by non-agriculture sources in urban Beijing . Similar results have also been found in Xi’an and the Yangtze River Delta region of China …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…It is well-accepted that agriculture-related emissions dominate the global NH 3 budget in the atmosphere. However, several recent field studies demonstrated that nonagricultural emissions are the primary NH 3 sources in many urban areas in China. − Therefore, atmospheric models based on emission inventories concentrated on agricultural emissions may not realistically simulate the atmospheric environment, particularly in the populated megacities of China. , Recently, NH 3 , amines, amides, and imines emission characteristics of motor vehicles have been determined explicitly through in situ roadside measurements . However, the emission features from many other anthropogenic activities are still unknown.…”

Section: Atmospheric Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Similar results have also been found in Xi'an 10 and the Yangtze River Delta region of China. 11 Amines (NR 3 ) are organic derivatives of NH 3 , where at least one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted by an alkyl group. Since alkyl groups are electron donors and can stabilize the protonated aminium cations, amines are stronger bases than NH 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Observation and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Alkaline Gases in Urban Beijing

Zhu

Yan

Zheng

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Alkaline gases, including NH3, C1–3-amines, C1–3-amides, and C1–3-imines, were measured in situ using a water cluster-CIMS in urban Beijing during the wintertime of 2018, with a campaign average of 2.8 ± 2.0 ppbv, 5.2 ± 4.3, 101.1 ± 94.5, and 5.2 ± 5.4 pptv, respectively. Source apportionment analysis constrained by emission profiles of in-use motor vehicles was performed using a SoFi-PMF software package, and five emission sources were identified as gasoline-powered vehicles (GV), diesel-powered vehicles (DV), septic system emission (SS), soil emission (SE), and combustion-related sources (CS). SS was the dominant NH3 source (60.0%), followed by DV (18.6%), SE (13.1%), CS (4.3%), and GV (4.0%). GV and DV were responsible for 69.9 and 85.2% of C1- and C2-amines emissions, respectively. Most of the C3-amines were emitted from nonmotor vehicular sources (SS = 61.3%; SE = 17.8%; CS = 9.1%). DV accounted for 71.9 and 34.1% of C1- and C2-amides emissions, respectively. CS was mainly comprised of amides and imines, likely originating from the pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing compounds. Our results suggested that motor vehicle exhausts can not only contribute to criteria air pollutants emission but also promote new particle formation, which has not been well recognized and considered in current regulations. Urban residential septic system was the predominant contributor to background NH3. Enhanced NH3 emissions from soil and combustion-related sources were the major cause of PM2.5 buildup during the haze events. Combustion-related sources, together with motor vehicles, were responsible for most of the observed amides and imines and may be of public health concern within the vicinity of these sources.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Atmospheric Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Observation and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Alkaline Gases in Urban Beijing

Zhu

Yan

Zheng

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The discrepancy among various studies might be a result of different levels of organic nitrogenous matters in different oceanic regions. In other words, the coastal seawater can be significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industrial wastewater discharge, and human excretion, which have been demonstrated as important sources of atmospheric amines (Chang et al, 2021(Chang et al, , 2022Ge et al, 2011a;Liu et al, 2022). These emission sources may also affect the rivers along the cities and the coastal oceans through the wastewater discharge and underground water.…”

Section: Contribution Of Sea Surface Organic Nitrogenous Reservoir To...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean Emission Pathway and Secondary Formation Mechanism of Aminiums Over the Chinese Marginal Sea

Liu

Wang

et al. 2022

JGR Atmospheres

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Amines/aminiums are recognized for their importance in new particle formation, organic nitrogen cycle, and aerosol forcings. Among the complex sources, the ocean origins and generation pathways of aminiums are less understood. During a cruise campaign over the Chinese marginal sea (Bohai Sea), five low‐molecular‐weight aminiums were measured. The strong anthropogenic period (terrestrial transport) and the weak anthropogenic period (dust, clean, and sea fog periods) were identified based on the traceable aerosol chemical species, air masses transport patterns, and marine chlorophyll‐a. Inconsistent spatiotemporal variations of various aminiums were observed. Monomethylaminium (MMAH+), dimethylaminium (DMAH+), ethylaminium (EAH+), and diethylaminium (DEAH+) were more enriched during the weak anthropogenic period than the strong anthropogenic period and especially peaked during the sea fog period. The significant correlation between the four aminiums and methanesulfonic acid suggested their secondary formation pathways. Through further exploring the governing factors, the acid–base neutralization via the aqueous phase processing was identified as a critical process for the secondary transformation of aminiums. In contrast, trimethylaminium (TMAH+) showed moderate correlation with Na+ in the total suspended particles only, suggesting its primary marine sources via enrichment in the sea‐spray aerosol through bubble bursting. Based on the step‐wise correlation analysis, the sea surface organic nitrogenous reservoir was found as the dominant contributor to the measured aminiums over the Bohai Sea, while the role of marine phytoplankton emission in the formation of aminiums was limited.

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“…Chang et al. (2022) suggested that the textile production process was a primary source of C2‐amines in Suzhou, China. The global emissions of MA from animal husbandry were estimated to be ∼24 Gg N yr −1 (Schade & Crutzen, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics, Origins, and Atmospheric Processes of Amines in Fine Aerosol Particles in Winter in China

Sun

Xiao

et al. 2023

JGR Atmospheres

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Amines affect particle formation, aerosol acidity, nitrogen cycle, and climate change. However, little is known about the temporal and spatial differences in the composition, source, and formation process of amines in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in different regions of China. Seven amines (amine salts) were investigated in PM2.5 collected in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD, Shanghai and Nanjing), Pearl River Delta (PRD, Guangzhou), northern China (Xi'an and Haerbin), and background (Puding) areas in winter 2017–2018. Methylamine was the dominant amine species at the YRD, northern China, and background sites, while diethylamine dominated at the PRD site; moreover, the mass concentration and fraction of diethylamine were the lowest at the background site. These results could be attributed to changes in sources and atmospheric processes. Further, coal combustion and biomass burning were found to be important contributors of amines in northern cities in winter. The contribution of biomass and coal combustion to amines was weakened in other urban sites. In contrast, the amine abundance at the background site was largely controlled by biogenic sources. Acid‐base chemistry and displacement mechanism were tightly associated with the formation of amine salts at all sites. In particular, the atmospheric degradation of amines by hydroxyl radical (•OH) was significant at the Nanjing, Guangzhou, Xi'an, and Haerbin sites. The insignificant photochemical degradation of amines at the Shanghai and background sites can be explained by differentiated amine sources, meteorological conditions, and •OH levels. Overall, our findings deepen the understanding of the origins and atmospheric processes of amines.

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Nonagricultural Emissions Dominate Urban Atmospheric Amines as Revealed by Mobile Measurements

Cited by 13 publications

References 54 publications

Observation and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Alkaline Gases in Urban Beijing

Observation and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Alkaline Gases in Urban Beijing

Ocean Emission Pathway and Secondary Formation Mechanism of Aminiums Over the Chinese Marginal Sea

Characteristics, Origins, and Atmospheric Processes of Amines in Fine Aerosol Particles in Winter in China

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