Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review of a growing epidemic

Hassan, Kareem; Bhalla, Vinod K.; Regal, Mohammed Ezz El; A-Kader, H. Hesham

doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12082

Cited by 164 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 224 publications

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“…A series of studies have shown that insulin resistance is a key factor in the pathogenesis and potential evolution of hepatic steatosis. Insulin resistance is associated with increases in gluconeogenesis, peripheral lipolysis, the hepatic uptake of lipids and hepatocellular TG accumulation [22] . At present, there is a lack of effective and safe therapies for NAFLD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice

et al. 2015

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Aim: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea. In this study, we investigated the effects of EGCG on insulin resistance and insulin clearance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Methods: Mice were fed on a high-fat diet for 24 weeks. During the last 4 weeks, the mice were injected with EGCG (10, 20 and 40 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 , ip). Glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and insulin clearance were assessed. After the mice were euthanized, blood samples and tissue specimens were collected. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was examined in isolated pancreatic islets. The progression of NAFLD was evaluated histologically and by measuring lipid contents. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) protein expression and enzyme activity were detected using Western blot and immunocapture activity assays, respectively. Results: The high-fat diet significantly increased the body weight and induced grade 2 or 3 liver fatty degeneration (steatosis, lobular inflammation and ballooning) accompanied by severe hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the model mice. Administration of EGCG dose-dependently ameliorated the hepatic morphology and function, reduced the body weight, and alleviated hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in NAFLD mice. Furthermore, EGCG dosedependently enhanced insulin clearance and upregulated IDE protein expression and enzyme activity in the liver of NAFLD mice. Conclusion: EGCG dose-dependently improves insulin resistance in NAFLD mice not only by reducing body weight but also through enhancing the insulin clearance by hepatic IDE. The results suggest that IDE be a potential drug target for the treatment of NAFLD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice

et al. 2015

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“…Computed tomography (CT) is useful in assessing steatosis, with a sensitivity of 82%-95% and a specificity approaching 100% [6,7]. However, CT scans expose patients to ionizing radiation and yield less accurate results for patients with underlying liver disease [8]. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the most sensitive and specific tool for detecting steatosis, with an accuracy of approximately 100% [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fatty Infiltration of the Liver on the Shannon Entropy of Ultrasound Backscattered Signals

Tsui

Wan

2016

Entropy

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This study explored the effects of fatty infiltration on the signal uncertainty of ultrasound backscattered echoes from the liver. Standard ultrasound examinations were performed on 107 volunteers. For each participant, raw ultrasound image data of the right lobe of liver were acquired using a clinical scanner equipped with a 3.5-MHz convex transducer. An algorithmic scheme was proposed for ultrasound B-mode and entropy imaging. Fatty liver stage was evaluated using a sonographic scoring system. Entropy values constructed using the ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) and uncompressed envelope signals (denoted by H R and H E , respectively) as a function of fatty liver stage were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Data were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was performed to obtain the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The brightness of the entropy image typically increased as the fatty stage varied from mild to severe. The median value of H R monotonically increased from 4.69 (IQR: 4.60-4.79) to 4.90 (IQR: 4.87-4.92) as the severity of fatty liver increased (r = 0.63, p < 0.0001). Concurrently, the median value of H E increased from 4.80 (IQR: 4.69-4.89) to 5.05 (IQR: 5.02-5.07) (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001). In particular, the AUCs obtained using H E (95% CI) were 0. 93 (0.87-0.99), 0.88 (0.82-0.94), and 0.76 (0.65-0.87) for fatty stages ≥mild, ≥moderate, and ≥severe, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 93.33%, 83.11%, and 86.00%, respectively (≥mild). Fatty infiltration increases the uncertainty of backscattered signals from livers. Ultrasound entropy imaging has potential for the routine examination of fatty liver disease.

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“…Ennek következtében fokozódik a májsejtek zsírsavfelvétele és a zsírképző enzimek stimulációja miatt fokozódik a lipogenezis. Zsírmájban a leptin szintje is megemelkedik, amit a leptinrezisztencia okoz, és elhí-zottaknál párhuzamos jelenségnek tekinthető az inzulinrezisztenciával [8]. Ugyanakkor az adiponectinszint csökken, pedig ennek emelkedése gátolhatná a folyamat előrehaladását.…”

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A nem alkoholos zsírmáj befolyásoló hatása olajipari munkások perifériás lymphocytáinak gén- és immuntoxikológai paramétereire

et al. 2016

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Bevezetés: A magyarországi felnőtt lakosság több mint fele túlsúlyos vagy elhízott, amelynek hátrányos következménye a zsírmáj kialakulása lehet. Az esetek 20-30%-ában nem alkoholos eredetű, hanem az elhízással, cukorbajjal vagy metabolikus szindrómával függhet össze. Célkitűzés: Jelen dolgozatban az olajipari munkások körében fellelhető, nem alkoholos zsírmáj eseteit hasonlították össze a kontrollokkal a gén-és immuntoxikológiai károsodások függvé-nyében. Módszer: 107 olajipari munkás adatait hasonlították össze 67 felnőtt férfi kontrollal. Eredmények: Az olaj ipari dolgozóknál az esetek 36%-ában volt jelen zsírmáj. A kontrollok csoportjában sem zsírmáj, sem géntoxikológiai elté-rés nem volt. Az exponáltak körében a citogenetikai paraméterek pozitivitása a kontrollhoz képest szignifikánsan emelkedett, amit a zsírmáj jelenléte tovább fokozott. Az immunológiai paraméterek közül a zsírmájban szenvedő exponáltaknál a CD71-pozitív, vagyis transzferrinreceptort hordozó B-sejtek aránya nőtt. Következtetések: A nem alkoholos zsírmáj az ipari vegyi expozícióval együtt képes a géntoxikus és az immuntoxikus hatások fokozására, amit a munkaalkalmasság megállapításában és a kockázatbecslésben a jövőben figyelembe kell venni. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(35), 1394-1402. Kulcsszavak: géntoxikológiai monitor, immuntoxikológia, kromoszóma, DNS-repair, zsírmáj, foglalkozás-egészség-ügy Influence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on geno-and immunotoxic alterations of peripheric blood lymphocytes of oil refinery workersIntroduction: More than half of the Hungarian population is overweight or obese, therefore, non-alcoholic fatty liver is a common problem. According to clinical experience, 20-30% of fatty liver cases is not related to alcohol, but can be linked to diabetes, obesity or metabolic syndrome. Aim: The authors studied the correlation between genotoxicity, immuntoxicity and non-alcoholic fatty liver among oil refinery workers. Method: During this genotoxicological monitoring study the data of 107 exposed were compared to 67 controls. Results: 36% of oil refinery workers had non-alcoholic fatty liver, while none of the selected, non-exposed controls had this abnormality. Chromosomal aberrations were elevated from 1.6% to 3.75% in the exposed group, immunotoxicological parameters were also changed, and CD71 positive B-cell ratio increased especially among subjects having non-alcoholic fatty liver. Conclusions: Non-alcoholic fatty liver can negatively influence the genotoxic effects of environmental hazards in workplaces.In the future this condition should be considered during risk assessment.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review of a growing epidemic

Cited by 164 publications

References 224 publications

Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice

Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice

Effects of Fatty Infiltration of the Liver on the Shannon Entropy of Ultrasound Backscattered Signals

A nem alkoholos zsírmáj befolyásoló hatása olajipari munkások perifériás lymphocytáinak gén- és immuntoxikológai paramétereire

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