The non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecule HLA-G is expressed mainly by extravillous trophoblasts at the materno-foetal interface. HLA-G has been found to bind endogenously processed nonameric peptides but its function as a restriction element for a cytotoxic T cell response to viruses with tropism for trophoblastic cells has never been demonstrated. In this study, candidate viral peptides derived from human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pp65 (UL83), which stabilized the HLA-G molecule on HLA-G-transfected T2 cells, were identified. The specific antipp65 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response restricted by HLA-G in triple transgenic mice (HLA-G, human b2m, human CD8a) was then investigated by injection of dendritic cells loaded with synthetic pp65-derived peptides or by infection with canarypox virus expressing pp65. Results showed that CTLs from HLA-G mice have the capacity to kill target cells either infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing pp65 or loaded with specific pp65-derived peptides using HLA-G as an antigen-presenting molecule. It was also demonstrated that these HLA-G-restricted pp65-specific T cells are able to kill the human astrocytoma cell line U373, which was transfected with HLA-G and infected with HCMV. Moreover, using HLA-G tetramers refolded with a synthetic pp65-derived peptide, peptide-specific CD8 + cells restricted by HLA-G have been detected in vivo. These findings provide the first evidence that HLA-G can select anti-HCMV-restricted CTLs in vivo, although the potency of this cytolytic response is limited (20-25 %). The weak HLA-Grestricted anti-HCMV response is probably due to HLA-G-mediated inhibitory signals on the development of an antiviral CTL response.
INTRODUCTIONDuring pregnancy, the placenta is the first barrier that protects the foetus from pathogens. It is of relevance, therefore, that trophoblast cells in placental tissues lack major histocompatibility (MHC) class I expression. These highly polymorphic MHC molecules, HLA-A and HLA-B, play a central role in the detection and elimination of infected cells by CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. However, despite the general lack of classical MHC molecules, extravillous trophoblasts, a subpopulation of trophoblasts that is in direct contact with maternal cells, express low levels of HLA-C and at a higher extent, the non-classical HLA-Ib molecules HLA-G and HLA-E (Kovats et al., 1990;Le Bouteiller et al., 1999;King et al., 2000), which are accompanied by abundant expression of transporter-associated proteins (TAP) (Clover et al., 1995). The non-classical HLA-Ib molecule HLA-E binds preferentially to leader peptides of many MHC class I molecules (Braud et al., 1998;Lee et al., 1998) and these complexes function as ligands for CD94/NKG2 receptors on NK cells . HLA-G molecules have a peptide-binding groove that is homologous to those of classical MHC class I molecules. In addition, HLA-G was shown to present nonameric peptides derived from a variety of intracellular proteins (Diehl et al., 199...