Nonclassical MHC-I and Japanese encephalitis virus infection: Induction of H-2Q4, H-2T23 and H-2T10

Immunobiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

“…Flavivirus-induced up-regulation of MHC-I cell surface expression is, at least in part, IFN-independent (Abraham et al, 2010;Kesson & King, 2001;Mullbacher & Lobigs, 1995), and also includes that of non-classical MHC-I (Abraham et al, 2008). Although the physiological relevance of this phenomenon in virus transmission remains unclear, it has been proposed that the process may contribute to reduced NK cell activity, which is inhibited by engagement with MHC-I by NK cell inhibitory receptors (Hershkovitz et al, 2008;Momburg et al, 2001).…”

Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Innate and Adaptive Immunity

“…Hence we observed that the JEV induced the cell surface expression of adhesion molecules does not occur uniformly on all cell types (Abraham et al, 2008). Since NF-κB transcriptionally controls the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, we further analyzed the role of NF-κB in the induction of adhesion molecules by JEV.…”

“…In contrast, the alternate pathway is associated with the development of lymphoid organs that ensure the mounting of an effective immune response. JEV infection also activates NF-κB in glial cells and primary mouse brain astrocytes (Abraham et al, 2008;Liao et al, 2001). Using IKK1 -/-, IKK2 -/-, IKK3 -/-and IKK1 -/-IKK2 -/-double mutant as well as RelA -/-cRel -/-p50 -/--triple mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts infected with JEV, it has been shown that JEV activates the classical pathway of NF-κB activation in a IKK2-and IKK3-but not IKK1-dependent manner that involved RelA and p50 complexes.…”

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Utilizes the Canonical Pathway To Activate NF-κB but It Utilizes the Type I Interferon Pathway To Induce Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

“…Total RNA was isolated from infected and control cells using Trizol reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. The sequence of the gene-specific primers used in this study and the procedure for PCR analysis have been previously published (2). Briefly, 1.5 g of total RNA was used for reverse transcription using Revert Aid M-MuLV reverse transcriptase.…”

“…For intracellular staining, cells were fixed with BD Cytofix/Cytoperm solution and stained as published (2). All samples were acquired using a FACScan cytometer (Becton Dickinson).…”