Nonconscious perception, conscious awareness and attention

Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.001

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These studies have consistently found attenuated activity in the extrastriate cortex during nonconscious retrieval of incidentally encoded stimuli [18–25]. In a series of neuroimaging experiments we found that the attenuation is located in a small extrastriate area called V3A [21,23,26–28]. This is a unique area because even though it is located in the visual cortex [close to the parieto-oc cipito-temporal junction], it receives input from all sensory modalities and its morphological and neurochemical characteristics are different from those of the other visual processing areas [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the difference between the conscious and nonconscious conditions is awareness of retrieval, it was suggested that the late attenuation of the V3A activity and increased frontal activity are associated with conscious awareness. Further, coincidence of the timeline indicates that a feedback loop between the V3A and frontal cortex is activated during the processing that leads to conscious awareness of retrieved information [26–28,30]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context it is important to consider two forms of cognitive processing: attention dependent and attention independent [31]. Conscious or explicit cognitive processing is generally attention dependent and nonconscious or implicit processing is mostly attention independent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conscious or explicit cognitive processing is generally attention dependent and nonconscious or implicit processing is mostly attention independent. However, depending on the design some nonconscious tasks [particularly those involving semantic priming] are processed using the attention dependent system [31,32]. Attention dependent and independent tasks are processed by separate neural networks that use different strategies, which are effective under different conditions [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonconscious processing and a novel target for schizophrenia research

Badgaiyan¹

2012

OJPsych

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Analysis of the pattern of altered cognition observed in schizophrenia provides better insight into neurocognitive deficits. It reveals a potential novel target for schizophrenia research. To understand this target we reviewed the findings of neuroimaging studies on implicit [nonconscious] memory. These studies have consistently reported attenuated activity in the area V3A of the extrastriate cortex during retrieval of studied items. It was suggested that the attenuation limits the pool of information available for further cognitive processing. Therefore, if V3A is functionally damaged, individuals will have access to a larger pool of information for cognitive processing. Since cognitive tasks that are not dependent on attention [attention independent] process a larger pool of information more efficiently, performance in these tasks is likely to improve after V3A is damaged. Conversely, tasks that are dependent on attentional resources are more efficient in processing smaller pool of information. Performance in these tasks therefore is expected to deteriorate if a large pool of information is made available following V3A damage. A review of cognitive performance in schizophrenia suggests that patients perform at above normal level in attention independent priming tasks and perform at subnormal level in attention dependent episodic and working memory tasks. These findings indicate possible impairment of V3A activity. It could therefore be a potentially important unstudied target for schizophrenia research, particularly because a number of investigators have reported that the activity in this area is altered in schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonconscious processing and a novel target for schizophrenia research

Badgaiyan¹

2012

OJPsych

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“…We recently identified this network by analyzing the pattern of neural activation elicited during processing of visual stimuli with or without conscious awareness [3-11]. In a series of neuroimaging experiments we studied conscious and nonconscious retrieval of visual stimuli and found that the activity in the area V3A located in the extrastriate cortex, is significantly attenuated during nonconscious processing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Manipulation of the extrastriate frontal loop can resolve visual disability in blindsight patients

Badgaiyan

2012

Medical Hypotheses

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Patients with blindsight are not consciously aware of visual stimuli in the affected field of vision but retain nonconscious perception. This disability can be resolved if nonconsciously perceived information can be brought to their conscious awareness. It can be accomplished by manipulating neural network of visual awareness. To understand this network, we studied the pattern of cortical activity elicited during processing of visual stimuli with or without conscious awareness. The analysis indicated that a re-entrant signaling loop between the area V3A (located in the extrastriate cortex) and the frontal cortex is critical for processing conscious awareness. The loop is activated by visual signals relayed in the primary visual cortex, which is damaged in blindsight patients. Because of the damage, V3A-frontal loop is not activated and the signals are not processed for conscious awareness. These patients however continue to receive visual signals through the lateral geniculate nucleus. Since these signals do not activate the V3A-frontal loop, the stimuli are not consciously perceived. If visual input from the lateral geniculate nucleus is appropriately manipulated and made to activate the V3A-frontal loop, blindsight patients can regain conscious vision.

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Mismatch negativity (MMN) stands at the crossroads between explicit and implicit emotional processing

Chen¹,

Hu²,

Cheng

2016

Human Brain Mapping

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The amygdala is known as a key brain region involved in the explicit and implicit processing of emotional faces, and plays a crucial role in salience detection. Not until recently was the mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of the event-related potentials to an odd stimulus in a sequence of stimuli, utilized as an index of preattentive salience detection of emotional voice processing. However, their relationship remains to be delineated. This study combined the fMRI scanning and event-related potential recording by examining amygdala reactivity in response to explicit and implicit (backward masked) perception of fearful and angry faces, along with recording MMN in response to the fearfully and angrily spoken syllables dada in healthy subjects who varied in trait anxiety (STAI-T). Results indicated that the amplitudes of fearful MMN were positively correlated with left amygdala reactivity to explicit perception of fear, but negatively correlated with right amygdala reactivity to implicit perception of fear. The fearful MMN predicted STAI-T along with left amygdala reactivity to explicit fear, whereas the association between fearful MMN and STAI-T was mediated by right amygdala reactivity to implicit fear. These findings suggest that amygdala reactivity in response to explicit and implicit threatening faces exhibits opposite associations with emotional MMN. In terms of emotional processing, MMN not only reflects preattentive saliency detection but also stands at the crossroads of explicit and implicit perception. Hum Brain Mapp 38:140-150, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Nonconscious perception, conscious awareness and attention

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Nonconscious processing and a novel target for schizophrenia research

Nonconscious processing and a novel target for schizophrenia research

Manipulation of the extrastriate frontal loop can resolve visual disability in blindsight patients

Mismatch negativity (MMN) stands at the crossroads between explicit and implicit emotional processing

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