“…Previous research has demonstrated that several analytical techniques could be developed for rapid and non-destructive measurement of freshness, such as computer vision (Dowlati, Mohtasebi, & de la Guardia, 2012), spectroscopic techniques (visible/near-infrared/mid-infrared/front-face spectroscopy) (Cozzolino & Murray, 2012;Grau et al, 2011;Nilsen, Esaiassen, Heia, & Sigernes, 2002;Liu, He, Wang, & Sun, 2011), odor imaging (Salinas et al, 2014), electronic nose (Huang, Zhao, Chen, & Zhang, 2014) and electronic tongue (Zhang, Wang, Liu, Xu, & Zhou, 2012). These non-destructive techniques have their own characteristics/advantages, but there are still some shortcomings.…”