In the conditions of production under the influence of external and internal factors, the functioning of an intelligent system for thermophysical measurements is associated with the uncertainty of the measuring situation. As a result, the accuracy and efficiency of determining the thermal properties of study subjects – thermal insulation materials - decrease. The study purpose is to achieve the required accuracy and efficiency of the qualitative property parameters of the studied objects in non-destructive control under the uncertainty of the measuring situation, which is important and relevant. A formalized states description of the intelligent system for thermophysical measurements is proposed, taking into account the structure of the system, information and measurement situations, the materials under study, and control signals. The mathematical model has been developed to describe the functioning of an intelligent system under conditions of uncertainty and its application in the operation of the system. An intelligent system of thermophysical measurements with a reconfigurable structure adapting to the measuring situation has been developed. The study results are obtained using the theory of systems, well-known methods of thermal conductivity and methods of artificial intelligence. Experimental results of operating the intelligent system for thermophysical measurements in conditions of uncertainty are presented. They confirm the increase in the accuracy of determining the qualitative properties of the objects under study.