Nondestructive Probing of Perovskite Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Using Multiwavelength Photoluminescence Mapping

Mundt, Laura E.; Heinz, Friedemann D.; Albrecht, Steve; Mundus, Markus; Saliba, Michael; Correa-Baena, Juan Pablo; Anaraki, Elham Halvani; Korte, Lars; Grätzel, Michaël; Hagfeldt, Anders; Rech, Bernd; Schubert, Martin C.; Glunz, Stefan W.

doi:10.1109/jphotov.2017.2688022

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…First, we explain the underlying physics of our imaging concept. Highly efficient metal halide PSCs have been reported to yield relatively symmetrical band‐to‐band luminescence spectra at room temperature without any sub‐bandgap signal . In order to verify this, we capture luminescence spectra from various perovskite films with different compositions and plot them in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Methods Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Recently, luminescence imaging has increased in significance for perovskite device and material characterization. Many works have extracted various device parameters of PSCs such as correlations between luminescence intensities and open‐circuit voltages, spatial distributions of nonradiative recombination centers, series resistances from EL images, and lateral inhomogeneities on each subcell in monolithic perovskite‐silicon tandem structures . It is also a powerful tool for monitoring long‐term performance and stability of PSCs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imaging Spatial Variations of Optical Bandgaps in Perovskite Solar Cells

Chen

Peng

Shen

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

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their optical and electrical properties. A common optical-based approach to estimate bandgaps of direct-gap semiconductors is to employ absorption spectroscopy. In this approach, one captures absorption spectra of materials and obtains absorption thresholds from Tauc plots. [3] The Tauc analysis provides a consistent way to compare among materials. However, as mentioned by Green et al., [4] these thresholds represent optical bandgaps, not electronic bandgaps, as the Tauc analysis underestimates the presence of excitonic transitions and broadening factors such as temperatures, defect densities, and material disorders. [4,5] Alternatively, one can capture the so-called band-to-band luminescence spectra from materials, which are results of radiative recombination between free electrons and holes in the conduction and valence bands, respectively. The peak wavelengths (or energies) of the luminescence spectra have been reported to be close to the absorption thresholds at room temperature by numerous authors [6][7][8][9][10] (also see Figure S1, Supporting Information). Thus, the two optical methods can be used to estimate the material optical bandgap although they often underestimate the true electronic bandgap. However, both of these approaches measure the spatially average optical bandgap over a certain area. Therefore, capturing spatially resolved optical bandgaps of the entire sample area requires point-by-point mapping in both X and Y directions, and thus it is time consuming and impractical for large-area device imaging or high-throughput production-line environments.In PV research and manufacturing, luminescence imaging, including both electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL), is a mainstream characterization tool for crystalline silicon solar cells. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] This camera-based method can provide fast diagnostics of PV materials and devices with micrometerscale spatial resolution. Recently, luminescence imaging has increased in significance for perovskite device and material characterization. Many works have extracted various device parameters of PSCs such as correlations between luminescence intensities and open-circuit voltages, [18][19][20] spatial distributions of nonradiative recombination centers, [21,22] series resistances from EL images, [23] and lateral inhomogeneities on each subcell in monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem structures. [24] It is also a powerful tool for monitoring long-term performance and A fast, nondestructive, camera-based method to capture optical bandgap images of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with micrometer-scale spatial resolution is developed. This imaging technique utilizes well-defined and relatively symmetrical band-to-band luminescence spectra emitted from perovskite materials, whose spectral peak locations coincide with absorption thresholds and thus represent their optical bandgaps. The technique is employed to capture relative variations in optical bandgaps across various PSCs, and to resolve optical bandgap inhomogeneity within the same d...

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Section: Methods Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Spatial Variations of Optical Bandgaps in Perovskite Solar Cells

Chen

Peng

Shen

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…The material quality can be further analyzed by multiwavelength photoluminescence (PL) mapping . PL can show electronic defects in semiconductor materials.…”

Section: Performance Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? – An Overview

Werner

Niesen

Ballif

2017

Adv Materials Inter

372

316

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Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have reached efficiencies above 25% in just about three years of development, mostly driven by the rapid progress made in the perovskite solar cell research field. This review aims to give an overview of the achievements made in this timeframe toward the goal of developing high‐efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem cells with sufficiently large area and long lifetime to be commercially interesting. The developments that led to the recent progress in tandem cell efficiency, as well as the factors currently still limiting their performance, including parasitic absorption, reflection losses, and the nonideal perovskite absorber layer bandgap, are discussed. Based on this discussion, guidelines for future developments are given. In addition, crucial aspects to enable the commercialization of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are reviewed, such as device stability and upscaling. Finally, economic considerations show how the number of steps and/or the costs associated to these steps for realizing the perovskite cell must be kept to a minimum to keep up with progress in the field of silicon photovoltaics.

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“…Steady‐state luminescence intensity, on the other hand, can be readily captured in an imaging configuration with resolutions from micrometers to millimeters, resolving the full cell area in less than a second. To date, a handful of studies have used luminescence imaging of PSCs to reveal the relative distribution of nonradiative recombination, the resistance to charge carrier injection and extraction (i.e., series resistance) and perovskite‐silicon tandem structures . Yet one of the major advantages of the generalized Planck law of Equation is the ability to translate luminescence intensity to quantitative device parameters through the fundamental relationship between luminescence and electrochemical potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Use of Luminescence Intensity Images for Quantified Characterization of Perovskite Solar Cells: Spatial Distribution of Series Resistance

Walter

Peng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made rapid advances in efficiency when fabricated as small‐area devices. A key challenge is to increase the active area while retaining high performance, which requires fast and reliable measurement techniques to spatially resolve cell properties. Luminescence imaging‐based techniques are one attractive possibility. A thermodynamic treatment of the luminescence radiation from MAPbI3 and related perovskite semiconductors predicts that the intensity of luminescence emission is proportional to the electrochemical potential in the perovskite absorber, bringing with it numerous experimental advantages. However, concerns arise about the impact of the often‐observed hysteretic behavior on the interpretation of luminescence‐based measurements. This study demonstrates that despite their hysteretic phenomena, at steady‐state perovskite solar cells are amenable to quantitative analysis of luminescence images. This is demonstrated by calculating the spatial distribution of series resistance from steady‐state photoluminescence images. This study observes good consistency between the magnitude, voltage‐dependence, and spatial distribution of series resistance calculated from luminescence images and from cell‐level current–voltage curves and uncalibrated luminescence images, respectively. This method has significant value for the development of PSC process control, design and material selection, and illustrates the possibilities for large‐area, spatially resolved, quantitative luminescence imaging‐based characterization of PSCs.

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Nondestructive Probing of Perovskite Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Using Multiwavelength Photoluminescence Mapping

Cited by 25 publications

References 43 publications

Imaging Spatial Variations of Optical Bandgaps in Perovskite Solar Cells

Imaging Spatial Variations of Optical Bandgaps in Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? – An Overview

On the Use of Luminescence Intensity Images for Quantified Characterization of Perovskite Solar Cells: Spatial Distribution of Series Resistance

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