Nonedible oil biodiesels: The cutting‐edge future of renewable energy in India

Abstract

India being the second largest populated nation has always been energy deficit.In the run, several alternate sources of energy have been tested and utilized to compensate the energy deficiency; these sources include solar, wind, nuclear,

Biodiesel production from slaughter wastes of broiler chicken: a potential survey in Iran

“…However, it is worth noting that these biofuels have some disadvantages too. The pros and cons of biodiesel is tabulated in Table 1 [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Figure 2 shows the world's largest producing countries in 2017.…”

“…However, the direct use of pure oil from these types of feedstocks are not satisfactory and practical in diesel engines as it results in polymerization during storage and combustion and, subsequently, gum formation, carbon deposit and incomplete combustion, due to its high viscosity, acid composition and free fatty acid content. To resolve this problem, either pure oil needs to be diluted or its hydrocarbon chains have to be broken down into Renewability [9,11,12,14] More expensive [11] Local production [10][11][12] Lower oxidation stability [9, 10] More cost efficient Corrosion of the fuel tank, pipe and injector Higher biodegradable [11,14] Higher copper and brass strip corrosion [11,12,14] Non-flammable and non-toxic [11,12,14] Fuel system blockage, seal failures, filter clogging and deposit at injection pump Lower noxious fumes and odors [12] Lower volatility [10,14] Higher cetane number [10,14] Higher required injector pressure Lower ignition delay Incomplete combustion Lower vapour pressure and higher flash point [10,11,14] Higher cloud and pour point [10,12,14] Safe transportation, handling, distribution, utilization and storage Unfeasible for cold climates Better lubricating quality [10][11][12][13] Higher viscosity (11-18 times) [10,12] Lower engine wear More difficult pumping, combustion and atomization in the injector system of a diesel engine Higher engine efficiency Development of gumming Without the need for additional lubricant Ring sticking Lower sulfur content [8,14] Higher density…”

A review on non-edible oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel: physicochemical properties and production technologies

“…The fatty acid profile in kusum oil shows about 40% unsaturated fatty acid, and 53% saturated fatty acid. 62 Yellow oleander is a drought-resistant, and non-edible shrub. 46 The Yellow oleander plant is native to tropics and subtropics countries and is inherent to Central and South America.…”

Pongamia pinnata biodiesel production using cobalt doped ZnO nanoparticles—An analytical study

“…The seed kernels are reported to have 27%-39% oil, major constituents including, furanoflavones, furanoflavonols, chromeno flavones, flavones, and furanodiketones, which make the oil nonedible and hence promotes its application for biodiesel production. 4,5 A variety of catalysts ranging from one side homogeneous dual acid/base catalyst to heterogeneous solid catalyst, to another side of biocatalysts such as enzymes to ionic liquids and many others are used. Each of the catalyst have its own merits and demerits and tend to behave differently depending on the oil, process route involved, and conditions employed.…”

“…In India, the oil potential of Karanja oil is estimated around 55,000 ton/year. The seed kernels are reported to have 27%–39% oil, major constituents including, furanoflavones, furanoflavonols, chromeno flavones, flavones, and furanodiketones, which make the oil nonedible and hence promotes its application for biodiesel production 4,5 …”