Nonhydrolytic Sol–Gel Methods

Scalable Synthesis of Ultrasmall Metal Oxide Radio-Enhancers Outperforming Gold

“…In this work, we present the scalable synthesis of ultrasmall group IV metal oxide nanoparticle radio-enhancers. Ultrasmall, near-monodisperse group IV metal oxide nanoparticles were prepared either by the well-established non-aqueous wet chemical route in batch mode or by scalable flame aerosol technology . We quantitatively assess the radio-enhancement performance of the different nanoparticles in cancer cell lines with different radio-sensitivities (HT1080 and HeLa) and in fibroblasts (normal human dermal fibroblasts, NHDF) as a function of colloidal stability, uptake, and intracellular distribution.…”

“…However, the scalable production of high-quality, crystalline, uniformly sized, and small (<100 nm) nanoparticles poses a major translational barrier due to significant synthetic challenges. Although bottom-up wet chemical approaches offer good control over nanoparticle size, shape, crystallinity, and compositions, even at low temperatures, synthesis can be time-consuming (from several hours to several days) and is typically performed in batch mode . In contrast, flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is a scalable, continuous process with production rates of up to 1 kg h –1 , and is also highly versatile, enabling the reproducible synthesis of a diversity of metal, metal oxide, and multicomponent nanoparticles of almost any composition from relatively inexpensive precursors and solvents. − Furthermore, compared with wet chemical processes, no solvent-intensive workup is necessary .…”

Stabilizing metastable tetragonal HfO2 using a non-hydrolytic solution-phase route: ligand exchange as a means of controlling particle size

“…In comparison to aqueous methods, non-hydrolytic methods, often based on formation of oxo-bridges by elimination of small molecules, provide considerable control of the kinetics of condensation. 14 , 15 , 33 Such control is imperative to precisely control particle size and morphology when growing nanoparticles. In an early work, the condensation of hafnium alkoxides in benzyl alcohol with the elimination of alkyl ethers yielded monoclinic, but not tetragonal, HfO 2 nanocrystals.…”

One-Step Synthesis of Nickel Sulfides and Their Electrocatalytic Activities for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: A Case Study of Crystalline h-NiS and o-Ni9S8 Nanoparticles

“…In contrast, the liquid-phase synthesis approach offers the possibility of better structure, composition, and morphology control of the nanomaterials. 14 In aqueous chemistry methods such as coprecipitation and hydrothermal treatment, 5,12 it may be necessary to have additional steps (thermal treatment) or extended reaction times in order to achieve crystalline phases. On the other hand, in nonaqueous methods (solvothermal), the synthesis occurs in organic media (i.e., in the absence of water).…”

“…However, this method generally produces bulk materials with poorly controlled shape and size. In contrast, the liquid-phase synthesis approach offers the possibility of better structure, composition, and morphology control of the nanomaterials . In aqueous chemistry methods such as coprecipitation and hydrothermal treatment, , it may be necessary to have additional steps (thermal treatment) or extended reaction times in order to achieve crystalline phases.…”