Noninfectious Diarrhea: Impact on Resource Utilization in the Intensive Care Unit

Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Clostridium difficile Infection in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…If positive followed by culture and toxinogenicity confirmation with multiplex PCR >24 h Sample collected if 3 or more loose stools/day NR Medical (50) University hospital Zahar et al [ 34 ] January 1999–January 2009 2004 Europe P Cohort 5260 512 47 (0.9%) 47 (9.18%) EIA. Positive result if either toxin A or B is detected ≥72 h CDI: watery or unformed stools/day and lab confirmation of a stool sample positive >18 Medical-Surgical (NR) – Hasham et al [ 18 ] August 2009–October 2009 2009 North America P Chart review 307 16 2 (0.65%) 2 (12.5%) NR >72 h CDI: diarrhea and lab confirmation Diarrhea: >3 episodes of loose stools/day NR NR Pinto et al [ 25 ] 2011 2011 c North America R Chart Review 2131 116 32 (1.5%) 32 (27.59%) PCR NR NR 1 mo–21 y Pediatric (NR) Tirlapur et al [ 31 ] January 2010– December 2010 2010 Europe R Cohort 11 294 1278 119 (1%) 119 (9...…”

“…Among the 80 835 ICU patients in our analysis, the pooled prevalence of CDI was 2% (95% CI, 1%–2%; τ 2 = 0.01) (Figure 2 ), with no evidence of small study effects across studies (Egger's bias 1.53, P = .142). The prevalence of CDI across North America studies was 2% [95% CI (1%–4%), τ 2 = 0.02] [ 17 , 18 , 20 – 22 , 24 , 25 , 28 ], whereas the estimated prevalence across Europe was 1% (95% CI, 1%–2%; τ 2 = 0.01) [ 13 – 16 , 19 , 23 , 27 , 29 – 32 , 34 ] and the estimated prevalence across Asia was 3% (95% CI, 1%–2%; τ 2 = 0.01) [ 26 , 33 ]. Among 3621 diarrheic ICU patients, the pooled prevalence of CDI was 11% (95% CI, 6%–17%; τ 2 = 0.08), with no small study effect (Egger's bias 1.01, P = .156) [ 14 , 18 , 19 , 25 – 27 , 29 – 31 , 33 , 34 ] ( Supplementary Figure 3 ).…”