Noninvasive Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections in Free-Ranging Primates

Gillespie, Thomas R.

doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9064-x

Cited by 237 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…We examined each faecal sample for helminth eggs and larvae and protozoan cysts using concentration by sodium nitrate flotation and faecal sedimentation [55]. We counted eggs and cysts, and used egg or cyst colour, shape, contents and size to identify parasites.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown spider monkeys ( Ateles hybridus ): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics

Rimbach

Bisanzio

Galvis

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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102

106

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Elevated risk of disease transmission is considered a major cost of sociality, although empirical evidence supporting this idea remains scant. Variation in spatial cohesion and the occurrence of social interactions may have profound implications for patterns of interindividual parasite transmission. We used a social network approach to shed light on the importance of different aspects of group-living (i.e. within-group associations versus physical contact) on patterns of parasitism in a neotropical primate, the brown spider monkey ( Ateles hybridus ), which exhibits a high degree of fission–fusion subgrouping. We used daily subgroup composition records to create a ‘proximity’ network, and built a separate ‘contact’ network using social interactions involving physical contact. In the proximity network, connectivity between individuals was homogeneous, whereas the contact network highlighted high between-individual variation in the extent to which animals had physical contact with others, which correlated with an individual's age and sex. The gastrointestinal parasite species richness of highly connected individuals was greater than that of less connected individuals in the contact network, but not in the proximity network. Our findings suggest that among brown spider monkeys, physical contact impacts the spread of several common parasites and supports the idea that pathogen transmission is one cost associated with social contact.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown spider monkeys ( Ateles hybridus ): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics

Rimbach

Bisanzio

Galvis

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

Self Cite

102

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Huffman, Gotoh, Turner, Hamai, and Yoshida (1997) asserted that anonymous estimation methods are biased relative to individual‐based methods, but provided only empirical evidence from a single population of P. troglodytes schweinfurthii to back this claim. Several other authors (including Murray, Stem, Boudreau, & Goodall, 2000; Gillespie, 2006; Muehlenbein, Schwartz, & Richard, 2003) have cautioned against anonymous estimation methods or claimed to have benefited from individual‐based estimation methods, but the comparative performance of the two methods has yet to be rigorously examined mathematically or empirically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating infection prevalence: Best practices and their theoretical underpinnings

Miller

Schneider‐Crease

Nunn

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Accurately estimating infection prevalence is fundamental to the study of population health, disease dynamics, and infection risk factors. Prevalence is estimated as the proportion of infected individuals (“individual‐based estimation”), but is also estimated as the proportion of samples in which evidence of infection is detected (“anonymous estimation”). The latter method is often used when researchers lack information on individual host identity, which can occur during noninvasive sampling of wild populations or when the individual that produced a fecal sample is unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate biases in individual‐based versus anonymous prevalence estimation theoretically and to test whether mathematically derived predictions are evident in a comparative dataset of gastrointestinal helminth infections in nonhuman primates. Using a mathematical model, we predict that anonymous estimates of prevalence will be lower than individual‐based estimates when (a) samples from infected individuals do not always contain evidence of infection and/or (b) when false negatives occur. The mathematical model further predicts that no difference in bias should exist between anonymous estimation and individual‐based estimation when one sample is collected from each individual. Using data on helminth parasites of primates, we find that anonymous estimates of prevalence are significantly and substantially (12.17%) lower than individual‐based estimates of prevalence. We also observed that individual‐based estimates of prevalence from studies employing single sampling are on average 6.4% higher than anonymous estimates, suggesting a bias toward sampling infected individuals. We recommend that researchers use individual‐based study designs with repeated sampling of individuals to obtain the most accurate estimate of infection prevalence. Moreover, to ensure accurate interpretation of their results and to allow for prevalence estimates to be compared among studies, it is essential that authors explicitly describe their sampling designs and prevalence calculations in publications.

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“…Infestation with gastro-intestinal parasites can be estimated from analyses of faecal samples (e.g., Gillespie 2006) and molecular techniques allow the detection of viruses and bacteria, even from decaying tissue (e.g., Leendertz et al 2006). In tropical forests, finding freshly dead or dying individuals is a rare event, unless, epidemics cause mass mortality, like the outbreaks of Ebola in chimpanzees and gorillas (Leendertz et al 2006;Leroy et al 2004), or when many researchers working simultaneously at a site increase the probability of finding carcasses, like on Barro Colorado island (Milton 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological and parasitological findings in a wild red titi monkey, Callicebus cupreus (Pitheciidae, Platyrrhini)

et al. 2010

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An adult female red titi monkey (Callicebus cupreus) was found in a moribund state below a sleeping site at the Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco in Peruvian Amazonia. Before death, the animal showed frequent convulsions. Post-mortem examination revealed the presence of Prosthenorchis elegans (Acanthocephala) in the small intestine. Major pathological findings concerned the digestive tract and the liver. Adult P. elegans provoked multifocal subacute to chronic enteritis with formation of ulcers in the small and large intestine. The liver revealed a severe chronic-active granulomatous hepatitis. While the cause of death could not be unambiguously identified, the infestation with P. elegans is likely to have played a key role in the pathogenesis of the chronic ulcerative enteritis and subsequent hepatitis; it possibly had a severe and longterm impact on the host's resource utilisation and defence against intruding pathogens and toxins of the digestive tract. The death of the animal is attributed to the chronic inflammatory processes in the digestive tract.

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Noninvasive Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections in Free-Ranging Primates

Abstract: Recent evidence of emerging human diseases with origins or likely transmission to humans, or both, that involve primates and a greater recognition

Cited by 237 publications

References 58 publications

Brown spider monkeys ( Ateles hybridus ): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics

Brown spider monkeys ( Ateles hybridus ): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics

Estimating infection prevalence: Best practices and their theoretical underpinnings

Pathological and parasitological findings in a wild red titi monkey, Callicebus cupreus (Pitheciidae, Platyrrhini)

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