Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Using Near-Infrared Technology—A Review

Abstract

The past few decades have seen ongoing development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems that are noninvasive and accurately measure blood glucose levels. The conventional finger-prick method, though accurate, is not feasible for use multiple times a day, as it is painful and test strips are expensive. Although minimally invasive and noninvasive CGM systems have been introduced into the market, they are expensive and require finger-prick calibrations. As the diabetes trend is high in low- and middle-income countries, a cost-effective and easy-to-use noninvasive glucose monitoring device is the need of the hour. This review paper briefly discusses the noninvasive glucose measuring technologies and their related research work. The technologies discussed are optical, transdermal, and enzymatic. The paper focuses on Near Infrared (NIR) technology and NIR Photoplethysmography (PPG) for blood glucose prediction. Feature extraction from PPG signals and glucose prediction with machine learning methods are discussed. The review concludes with key points and insights for future development of PPG NIR-based blood glucose monitoring systems.

Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction

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Glycemia control using remote technologies

“…Поскольку количество больных СД увеличивается день ото дня, исследователи работают над созданием неинвазивного устройства для контроля гликемии, которое было бы безболезненным, экономичным и точным [45]. Например, SugarBEAT (однодневный неинвазивный датчик) 12 , LIFELEAF (неинвазивный оптический датчик в виде смарт-часов) 13 , имеющие функцию дистанционного мониторинга.…”

In Vitro Glucose Measurement from NIR and MIR Spectroscopy: Comprehensive Benchmark of Machine Learning and Filtering Chemometrics

“…However, NIR and MIR spectroscopy are among the most promising modalities, as they have shown comparatively high accuracy and reliability. Therefore, further research is needed to explore and optimise these modalities for practical [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] ].…”