Noninvasive Colorimetric Detection of Acetic Acid in Human Breath Based on an Alginate/Ni–Al-LDH/Dye Composite Film

Abstract

Alginate/Ni−Al-layered double hydroxide/dye (Alg/Ni−Al-LDH/dye) composite films were fabricated using the solution casting method. The dyes used included methyl red, phenol red, thymol blue, bromothymol blue, m-cresol purple, methyl orange, bromocresol purple (BP), and bromocresol green (BG) in the overall pH range of 3.8 to 9.6. The chemical composition and morphology of the Alg/Ni−Al-LDH/dye composite film structure were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FESEM, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The Alg/Ni−Al-LDH/dye composite films were semitransparent and mechanically flexible. Acetic acid was investigated as a respiratory biomarker related to gastrointestinal diseases. The parameters studied included color volume, response time, Ni−Al-LDH nanosheet volume, reusability, and drawing of the calibration curve along with statistical features including standard deviation, relative standard deviation, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Colorimetric indicators BP and BG in the presence of acetic acid produce color changes that are almost visible to the naked eye. However, other used indicators have shown almost no change. Therefore, it can be reported that the sensors made in the presence of BP and BG act selectively in relation to acetic acid.