Noninvasive Electromagnetic Wave Sensing of Glucose

Zhang, Ruochong; Liu, Siyu; Jin, Haoran; Luo, Yunqi; Zheng, Zesheng; Gao, Fei; Zheng, Yuanjin

doi:10.3390/s19051151

Cited by 81 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Therefore, based on these principles, some attempts for NIBGM have been studied concerning radio frequency and microwave sensors (for a couple of recent reviews, see [38,39]). The most common approach is to use microwave resonators as sensing devices, due to their sensitivity to the dielectric permittivity of the surrounding media.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose Concentration Measurement in Human Blood Plasma Solutions with Microwave Sensors

Juan

Bronchalo

Potelon

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Three microwave sensors are used to track the glucose level of different human blood plasma solutions. In this paper, the sensors are evaluated as glucose trackers in a context close to real human blood. Different plasma solutions sets were prepared from a human blood sample at several added glucose concentrations up to 10 wt%, adding also ascorbic acid and lactic acid at different concentrations. The experimental results for the different sensors/solutions combinations are presented in this work. The sensors show good performance and linearity as glucose level retrievers, although the sensitivities change as the rest of components vary. Different sensor behaviors depending upon the concentrations of glucose and other components are identified and characterized. The results obtained in terms of sensitivity are coherent with previous works, highlighting the contribution of glucose to the dielectric losses of the solution. The results are also consistent with the frequency evolution of the electromagnetic signature of glucose found in the literature, and are helpful for selecting frequency bands for sensing purposes and envisioning future approaches to the challenging measurement in real biological contexts. Discussion of the implications of the results and guidelines for further research and development of more accurate sensors is offered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose Concentration Measurement in Human Blood Plasma Solutions with Microwave Sensors

Juan

Bronchalo

Potelon

et al. 2019

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Unfortunately, the small values of the loaded Q-factor depend upon the material dielectric losses, parasitic losses, and conductor losses that occur due to the sample under test (SUT). Disturbance in an intensified electric field intensity can be achieved by reducing the resonating frequency and attaining a high penetration depth [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Additionally, the enhanced filling factor (i.e., the volume fraction of deposited dielectric sample on the sensing area) can be achieved by a fabricated structure using micro-fabrication techniques [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Sensitivity, Quantified, Linear and Mediator-Free Resonator-Based Microwave Biosensor for Glucose Detection

Kumar

Wang

Meng

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This article presents a high-sensitivity, quantified, linear, and mediator-free resonator-based microwave biosensor for glucose sensing application. The proposed biosensor comprises an air-bridge-type asymmetrical differential inductor (L) and a center-loaded circular finger-based inter-digital capacitor (C) fabricated on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrate using advanced micro-fabrication technology. The intertwined asymmetrical differential inductor is used to achieve a high inductance value with a suitable Q-factor, and the centralized inter-digital capacitor is introduced to generate an intensified electric field. The designed microwave sensor is optimized to operate at a low resonating frequency that increases the electric field penetration depth and interaction area in the glucose sample. The microwave biosensor is tested with different glucose concentrations (0.3–5 mg/ml), under different ambient temperatures (10–50 °C). The involvement of advanced micro-fabrication technology effectively miniaturized the microwave biosensor (0.006λ0 × 0.005λ0) and enhanced its filling factor. The proposed microwave biosensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 117.5 MHz/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9987), good amplitude variation of 0.49 dB/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9954), and maximum reproducibility of 0.78% at 2 mg/mL. Additionally, mathematical modelling was performed to estimate the dielectric value of the frequency-dependent glucose sample. The measured and analyzed results indicate that the proposed biosensor is suitable for real-time blood glucose detection measurements.

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“…This Special Issue also includes three reviews. Two of them discuss glucose sensing and monitoring: non-invasive electromagnetic sensing of glucose [7], and invasive to minimally-invasive to non-invasive techniques, devices and sensors for glucose monitoring [8], whereas the third review investigates electromagnetic–acoustic biomedical sensing [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [7], a review on non-invasive electromagnetic sensing of glucose is presented. The paper explains that diabetic patients need long-term and frequent glucose monitoring to assist in insulin intake.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%