“…In addition, field seismic data are usually contaminated by noise (both random and coherent), which also causes FWI to deviate from the correct direction of convergence. Conventional denoising methods (e.g., f-x deconvolution, EMD, SVD, and wavelet transform) are usually based on theoretical model assumptions and rely on a priori information, which has difficulty handling complex noises and low computational efficiency (Han and Van, 2015;Liu and Zheng, 2022). Data-driven-based denoising methods can establish a strong non-linear mapping between noise-contained and pure data, which is currently a hot research topic in seismic denoising.…”