Nonlinear aging of cylindrical lithium-ion cells linked to heterogeneous compression

Bach, Tobias; Schuster, Simon F.; Fleder, Elena; Müller, Jana; Brand, Martin J.; Lorrmann, Henning; Jossen, Andreas; Sextl, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.est.2016.01.003

Cited by 251 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…53,55,59,61,63 In these models, this non-linear aging behavior can be emulated by a high power fade, though, which shortens charging and discharging due to high overpotentials that decrease the usable capacity. 43,61 Measurements in literature ascribe this non-linear aging behavior to lithium plating 64,65 as well as to degradation mechanisms on the cathode. 5,48,50 For the here introduced model we chose to implement a cathode dissolution reaction as the responsible mechanism for the non-linear aging behavior.…”

Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

Kindermann

Keil

Frank

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this paper we introduce a pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model for a common lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide versus graphite (NCM/graphite) cell with solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth as the dominating capacity fade mechanism on the anode and active material dissolution as the main aging mechanism on the cathode. The SEI implementation considers a growth due to non-ideal insulation properties during calendar as well as cyclic aging and a re-formation after cyclic cracking of the layer during graphite expansion. Additionally, our approach distinguishes between an electronic (σ SEI ) and an ionic (κ SEI ) conductivity of the SEI. This approach introduces the possibility to adapt the model to capacity as well as power fade. Simulation data show good agreement with an experimental aging study for NCM/graphite cells at different temperatures introduced in literature. © The Author Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most promising candidates for energy storage in future stationary storage systems and electric vehicles.1-3 Enormous research efforts have been conducted to get a thorough understanding of the system "lithium-ion cell" and to further develop it for higher energy and power density, higher safety standards as well as longer cycle life. 4 The aging behavior of lithium-ion batteries has been a focus issue of battery research since the introduction of lithium-ion cells by Sony in 1991. 5 Reviews by Agubra et al., 6,7 Arora et al., 8 Aurbach et al., 9,10 Birkl et al., 11 Broussely et al., 12 Verma et al. 13 and Vetter et al. 14 are just a few examples of the extensive literature regarding aging behavior. Commonly accepted and experimentally verified aging phenomena as mentioned in the previously cited literature are electrolyte decomposition leading to solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) growth, solvent co-intercalation, gas evolution with subsequent cracking of particles, a decrease of accessible surface area and porosity due to SEI growth, contact loss of active material particles due to volume changes during cycling, binder decomposition, current collector corrosion, metallic lithium plating and transition-metal dissolution from the cathode. The listed aging mechanisms can be assigned to three different categories that are a loss of lithium-ions (LLI), an impedance increase and a loss of active material (LAM). 12,[15][16][17][18] The LLI is synonymous to a decrease in the amount of cyclable lithium-ions as they are trapped in a passivating film on either of the electrodes or in plated metallic lithium. Due to the growth of the passivating layers and/or the formation of rock-salt in the cathode (residue of the cathode active material after transition-metal dissolution), kinetic transport of lithium-ions through those inactive areas is limited and results in an impedance rise. An LAM can be caused by the dissolution of transition-metal-ions from the cathode bulk material, changes in the electrode composition and/or changes in crystal structure of the a...

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Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

Kindermann

Keil

Frank

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…So far, cylindrical lithium-ion cells can suffer from sudden degradation after having lost some 20% of their original capacity during 800 full charging cycles. 97 Factors leading to this sudden degradation of usable capacity are related to the depth of discharge, high charging currents and low temperatures, as well as unfavorable cell design, which is expected to be corrected in the future together with an optimized charging management protecting the cells over a longer life time. 97 Future V2G applications are also expected to reduce the life-cycle carbon footprint of BEVs and the energy-mobility system in general.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…97 Factors leading to this sudden degradation of usable capacity are related to the depth of discharge, high charging currents and low temperatures, as well as unfavorable cell design, which is expected to be corrected in the future together with an optimized charging management protecting the cells over a longer life time. 97 Future V2G applications are also expected to reduce the life-cycle carbon footprint of BEVs and the energy-mobility system in general. By allowing new charging strategies and "swarm aggregation", BEVs can potentially transform the operative management and structure of the entire power grid.…”

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confidence: 99%

Advances and critical aspects in the life-cycle assessment of battery electric cars

Helmers¹,

Weiss²

2017

EECT

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Concerns over climate change, air pollution, and oil supply have stimulated the market for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The environmental impacts of BEVs are typically evaluated through a standardized life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Here, the LCA literature was surveyed with the objective to sketch the major trends and challenges in the impact assessment of BEVs. It was found that BEVs tend to be more energy efficient and less polluting than conventional cars. BEVs decrease exposure to air pollution as their impacts largely result from vehicle production and electricity generation outside of urban areas. The carbon footprint of BEVs, being highly sensitive to the carbon intensity of the electricity mix, may decrease in the nearby future through a shift to renewable energies and technology improvements in general. A minority of LCAs covers impact categories other than carbon footprint, revealing a mixed picture. There has been little attention paid so far in LCA to the efficiency advantage of BEVs in urban traffic, the gap between on-road and certified energy consumption, the local exposure to air pollutants and noise and the aging of emissions control technologies in conventional cars. Improvements of BEV components, directed charging, second-life reuse of vehicle batteries, as well as vehicle-to-home and vehicleto-grid applications will significantly reduce the environmental impacts of BEVs in the future.

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“…10 The growth of SEI implies a certain loss of cycleable lithium 11,30 and the additional layer causes a rising resistance of the cell. 11,47 The increment of internal resistance can be detected by EIS 48 in the form of impedance buildup during aging. In this work, EIS data of the cycled cells at 1 kHz and 45 mHz were analyzed to quantify the growth of pure ohmic and DC-resistance, respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Destructive Detection of Local Aging in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells by Multi-Directional Laser Scanning

Sturm

Spingler

Rieger

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Understanding the mechanical activity of lithium-ion cells during cycling and its connection with aging phenomena is essential to improve cell design and operation strategies. Previous studies of lithium-ion pouch cells [B. Rieger et al., Journal of Energy Storage, 8, 1 (2016)] have shown non-uniform swelling with local displacement overshoots during charging. In this experimental work, a novel three-dimensional laser scanning method is used to investigate local reversible and irreversible thickness changes of six commercial LiCoO 2 /graphite cells during a cyclic aging experiment. Three cycle scenarios were included and two cells each were exposed to a specific temperature and charging rate. The cells showing local displacement overshoots also exhibit non-uniform distributions of irreversible thickness change. Post-mortem analysis showed largely inhomogenously degraded surfaces of the single anode layers. It is shown that the cells' irreversible thickness change correlates with capacity fade and internal resistance increase monitored via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Lithium-ion batteries have become the most promising energy storage technology for small electronic devices such as smartphones or laptops as well as for battery packs in electric vehicles. Although their relatively high density in power and energy make Li-ion batteries the technology of choice for many applications, its aging and degradation behavior likewise limits their use in applications that require extreme safety standards and cycle life.2 In order to quantify the decay of batteries, the state of health (SOH) 3 is used which refers to the capacity fade by relating the current capacity of the cell to its initial capacity. This relation can be seen as an overall concept introducing a measurable quantity of aging effects occurring during battery lifetime.Detecting the cell's SOH by measuring external stress and strain on the surface of the cell's housing 2,4 is a recent method based on the mechanical behavior of Li-ion batteries in form of volume change effects during charge and discharge processes. These are largely caused by electrode swelling, 5-8 polymer deformation 5,9 and film growth. 10,11Estimating the cell's SOH by a single point measurement implies a homogeneous stress and strain distribution over the housing of the cell. Hence, the utilization of the cell would need to be homogeneous. Local variations in current density and electrode potential occurring during cell operation along the current collector foils 12-15 object this assumption. Considering an inhomogeneous utilization of the electrodes described by local variations in state of charge (SOC), 15 an overall estimation of SOH seems inappropriate to gain a deeper understanding of aging mechanisms occurring in commercial Li-ion cells. Consequently, there is a need for local detection of aging mechanisms to account for design specific inhomogeneous load across the cell.As already presented in previous work, 1 extending the measurement of strain or stress to a local re...

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Nonlinear aging of cylindrical lithium-ion cells linked to heterogeneous compression

Cited by 251 publications

References 69 publications

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

Advances and critical aspects in the life-cycle assessment of battery electric cars

Non-Destructive Detection of Local Aging in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells by Multi-Directional Laser Scanning

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