Nonlinear Component of the Electroretinogram Recorded from the Posterior Pole of Normal and Highly Myopic Human Eyes

Yoshii, Mitsunobu; Yanashima, Kenji; Nagasaka, Eiichiro; Wada, Hiroshi; Enoki, Toshio; Okisaka, Shigekuni

doi:10.1159/000067045

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Decreased amplitudes may indicate retinal dysfunction or degeneration. However, a marked reduction in a-and b-wave amplitudes, as observed in the PTHS-patient, is also associated with high myopia (Perlman et al 1984;Yoshii et al 2002;Flitcroft et al 2005). Moreover, the implicit times measured in the ERG recordings, which are more reliable parameters in very long eyes, were within the normal range in our patient, again rather negating presence of a panretinal degenerative or dystrophic disease.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Neurologic and ocular phenotype in Pitt–Hopkins syndrome and a zebrafish model

et al. 2011

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In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the neurologic and ophthalmologic phenotype in a patient with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a disorder characterized by severe mental and motor retardation, carrying a uniallelic TCF4 deletion, and studied a zebrafish model. The PTHS-patient was characterized by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion tensor imaging to analyze the brain structurally, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to visualize the retinal layers, and electroretinography to evaluate retinal function. A zebrafish model was generated by knockdown of tcf4-function by injection of morpholino antisense oligos into zebrafish embryos and the morphant phenotype was characterized for expression of neural differentiation genes neurog1, ascl1b, pax6a, zic1, atoh1a, atoh2b. Data from PTHS-patient and zebrafish morphants were compared. While a cerebral MRI-scan showed markedly delayed myelination and ventriculomegaly in the 1-year-old PTHS-patient, no structural cerebral anomalies including no white matter tract alterations were detected at 9 years of age. Structural ocular examinations showed highly myopic eyes and an increase in ocular length, while retinal layers were normal. Knockdown of tcf4-function in zebrafish embryos resulted in a developmental delay or defects in terminal differentiation of brain and eyes, small eyes with a relative increase in ocular length and an enlargement of the hindbrain ventricle. In summary, tcf4-knockdown in zebrafish embryos does not seem to affect early neural patterning and regionalization of the forebrain, but may be involved in later aspects of neurogenesis and differentiation. We provide evidence for a role of TCF4/E2-2 in ocular growth control in PTHS-patients and the zebrafish model.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Neurologic and ocular phenotype in Pitt–Hopkins syndrome and a zebrafish model

et al. 2011

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“…Since the first report of conventional ERG in myopes by Karpe in 1945 [105], various studies have reported impairment of retinal function in myopia. Several studies reported a significant reduction of b-wave amplitude in myopia that closely correlated with the degree of myopia and the axial length of eye [106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115]. For every 1-mm increase in axial length, the dark-adapted 3.0 ERG showed a reduction of 15.7 lV and 23.4 lV in a-wave and b-wave amplitude, respectively, in an absence of a myopic retinal degeneration [109].…”

Section: Full-field Flash Electroretinogram (Fferg) and Its Responses In Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decreased ffERG responses in the eyes with degenerative fundus changes, irrespective of the degree of myopia Perlman et al [ 107 ] 31 high hypermetropes (> + 5.00 D), 7 high myopes (< -6.00 D), and 7 unilateral or bilateral aphakics Reduced scotopic a-and b-wave and photopic b-wave amplitudes in high myopes Ishikawa et al [ 120 ] 66 high myopes and 76 emmetropes Reduced a-and b-wave amplitudes in tigroid fundus. Reduced a- and b-wave, and OPs' amplitudes and increased implicit time in posterior staphyloma involving the macula Westall et al [ 108 ] 33 high myopes (− 6.00 to − 14.50 D), 8 mild myopes (− 3.00 to − 5.00 D), and 19 small SER (+ 0.75 to − 2.75 D) Reduced rod-cone a-and b-wave, cone b-wave, and OPs' amplitudes in high myopes, which was proportional to increased AL Yoshii et al [ 113 ] 14 emmetropes (− 0.50 to − 3.50 D) and 16 high myopes (− 7.00 to − 11.50 D) Reduced nonlinear component of the ERG amplitudes from the posterior pole of the fundus in high myopes Flitcroft et al [ 101 ] 15 high myopes (≤ − 6.00 D), 19 low myopes (− 0.75 to − 6.00 D), 35 emmetropes (− 0.75 to + 1.50 D), 44 low hyperopes (+ 1.50 to + 6.00 D), and 10 high hyperopes (≥ + 6.00 D) Abnormal ffERG responses in high ammetropia Shamshinova et al [ 111 ] 46 myopes with moderate-to-high congenital myopia Reduced b-wave amplitude with increased degree of myopia and AL Kader et al [ 106 ] 40 emmetropes (± 0.25 D), 20 mild myopes (− 0.50 to − 3.00 D), 28 moderate myopes (− 3.25 to − 6.00 D), 40 high myopes (− 6.25 to − 15.00 D), and 40 pathological myopes (− 7.00 to − 22.00 D with 7 posterior staphyloma) Reduced scotopic, photopic, and combined b-wave, OPs', and 30 Hz flicker amplitudes as well as delayed latencies in high myopes, which was proportional to increased AL Wang et al [ 117 ] 64 early-onset high myopes and 20 late-onset high myopes Reduced scotopic b-wave, photopic a- and b-wave, and combined a- and b-wave amplitudes in early-onset high myopes Koh et al [ 110 ] 32 myopes (≤ − 6.00 D) …”

Section: Full-field Flash Electroretinogram (Fferg) and Its Responses...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review

2021

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The stretching of a myopic eye is associated with several structural and functional changes in the retina and posterior segment of the eye. Recent research highlights the role of retinal signaling in ocular growth. Evidence from studies conducted on animal models and humans suggests that visual mechanisms regulating refractive development are primarily localized at the retina and that the visual signals from the retinal periphery are also critical for visually guided eye growth. Therefore, it is important to study the structural and functional changes in the retina in relation to refractive errors. This review will specifically focus on electroretinogram (ERG) changes in myopia and their implications in understanding the nature of retinal functioning in myopic eyes. Based on the available literature, we will discuss the fundamentals of retinal neurophysiology in the regulation of vision-dependent ocular growth, findings from various studies that investigated global and localized retinal functions in myopia using various types of ERGs.

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“…Application of the ERG technique has provided ample evidence to confirm that myopia results in impaired retinal function. It has been reported that myopia in adults was associated with decreased nonlinear components of ERG responses, 1 multifocal ERG (mfERG) responses, 2,3 retinal adaptation response, 4 and inner retinal function. [5][6][7] Axial length was shown to be linearly related to ERG amplitudes, 8 first-order kernel, and the first slice of second-order kernel of mfERG responses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Subclinical Decrease in Central Inner Retinal Activity Is Associated With Myopia Development in Children

Choi

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Li SZ-C, Yu W-Y, Choi K-Y, et al. Subclinical decrease in central inner retinal activity is associated with myopia development in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:4399-4406. DOI:10.1167/ iovs.16-21279 PURPOSE. To investigate the characteristics of retinal electrophysiological activity in relation to early myopia development in children.METHODS. Fifty-six children aged 6 to 9 years with emmetropic refractive error (defined as ‡ À0.5 diopter [D] and þ0.5 D) were recruited. Cycloplegic refraction, axial length, and global flash multifocal electroretinogram (MOFO mfERG) at 49% and 96% contrast levels were recorded in all children at their first visit. The refraction and axial length measurements were repeated after 1 year. The amplitudes and implicit times of the direct component (DC) and the induced component (IC) of the MOFO mfERG obtained at the initial visit were analyzed. Correlations between the MOFO mfERG parameters and changes in refractive error and axial length were investigated. RESULTS.The mean spherical equivalent refractive error and axial length of the eyes of the children at the first visit were þ0.19 6 0.33 D and 23.14 6 0.6 mm, respectively. After 1 year, the mean refractive error increased by À0.55 6 0.53 D, whereas axial length increased by 0.37 6 0.22 mm. The changes in refractive error and axial length were significantly correlated with the central IC amplitudes at 49% contrast level measured at the initial visit (q ¼ 0.46, P < 0.001 and q ¼ À0.34, P ¼ 0.01, respectively).CONCLUSIONS. The prospective changes we have shown are believed to derive from central inner retina. These changes appear to precede myopia and could be a potential reference for juvenile myopia development.Keywords: myopia development, multifocal electroretinogram, children vision, inner retina E xcessive eyeball elongation causes myopia. In severe cases, it may result in retinal stretching, thinning, and changes in retinal cell morphology and pathology. Application of the ERG technique has provided ample evidence to confirm that myopia results in impaired retinal function. It has been reported that myopia in adults was associated with decreased nonlinear components of ERG responses, 1 multifocal ERG (mfERG) responses, 2,3 retinal adaptation response, 4 and inner retinal function. [5][6][7] Axial length was shown to be linearly related to ERG amplitudes, 8 first-order kernel, and the first slice of second-order kernel of mfERG responses. 9 The reduction in mfERG responses in myopic adults is believed to be due to the deterioration in retinal function associated with long-standing myopia. However, this explanation cannot be applied to myopic children, and discrepancies of ERG characteristics have been noted between myopic adults and children.2,7 Luu and his colleagues 2 conducted a cross-sectional study of mfERG measurement in 104 children and 31 adults with a range of refractive errors. They found a significant correlation between refractive error and mfERG response in adults, but this correlation ...

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Nonlinear Component of the Electroretinogram Recorded from the Posterior Pole of Normal and Highly Myopic Human Eyes

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Neurologic and ocular phenotype in Pitt–Hopkins syndrome and a zebrafish model

Neurologic and ocular phenotype in Pitt–Hopkins syndrome and a zebrafish model

Electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review

Subclinical Decrease in Central Inner Retinal Activity Is Associated With Myopia Development in Children

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