“…Some examples involve supercritical pitchfork (symmetry-breaking) bifurcations in laminar plane sudden expansion flows [1,3,6,[12][13][14]22,34,41] and Hopf bifurcations in backward-facing step flows [18,38], in rotating cylindrical flows [32,44], and in lid-driven cavity flows [4,17,37,42]. One classical approach for examining the stability of a stationary solution is to simulate the discrete, time-dependent NavierStokes (NS) equations directly with some perturbations in the stationary solution and then to investigate whether the time-dependent response solution returns to the original solution or not after certain time steps.…”